Transparency builds trust and credibility. As ash clouds drifted over eastern Washington, a rain of ash covered homes, farms, and roads to a depth up to four-inches. In terms of ballistics this includes the completion of ballistic hazard and risk assessments; volcano monitoring and research; land-use and building planning i.e. 2014), inhibiting the ability to see ballistics until it is too late to act. It is the process wherein wet cement-like mixture of volcanic material and water flows down the slopes of volcano. Many more people have been injured as a result of ballistic impacts, frequently suffering from blunt force trauma (broken bones), lacerations, burns, abrasions and bruising (Blong 1984; Baxter and Gresham 1997). 2014). Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles - refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by the eruption column's hot gases or lava fountains. Many of the hazards of tephra falls can be mitigated with proper Dangers From Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles also endanger life, property, and the environment in the following ways: Small scoria pieces can be embedded in wood and can even dent metals. What is tephra falls and ballistic projectiles? - Brainly.in Nathan J Wood, Ph.D. | U.S. Geological Survey Accessed Dec 2014, Sorensen JH (2000) Hazard warning systems: review of 20years of progress. This study, however, focussed only on the vulnerability of the built environment and did not include an overall assessment of hazard or risk. 2008; The Japan News, 27/10/2014). Boulder, p. 13, Minakami T (1942) 5. Geotimes, American Geological Institute. In: Fearnley, C.J., Bird, D.K., Haynes, K., McGuire, W.J., Jolly, G. (eds) Observing the Volcano World. Falling volcanic ash can disrupt lives distant from an erupting volcano. 2014). volcanic hazards Flashcards | Quizlet are a special kind of tephra. Accessed Jul 21 2015, NIED (1980) Field report of the disaster from Ontake 1979 eruption. Similarly, the public, stakeholders, and decision-makers should communicate to scientists what type of information they need to make decisions relevant to their situations. 2010). 2008; Bird et al. 2007). Lahar deposits formed from hyperconcentrated streamflows. Funding for this study was provided by DeVoRA (Determining Volcanic Risk in Auckland) and a New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC) Biennial Grant (16/727). 2014b). Despite this, the assessment of risk and communication of ballistic hazard has received surprisingly little study. 2008; Dohaney et al. https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Act_Vol/sakurajima/text/eng/exp01-5e.html. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kazan/fujisan-kyougikai/report/. In: Sparks RJS, Hill L (eds) Risk and uncertainty assessment for natural hazards. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, R. H. Fitzgerald,B. M. Kennedy&T. M. Wilson, GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand, Mt. 2008; Bertolaso et al. The assessment should be made available to relevant decision makers, with the authors and science advisors available to advise or answer questions about the assessments. e A Volcanic Alert Bulletin issued on the GeoNet website and distributed to media following the 2012 Upper Te Maari eruption. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if Neither a deterministic or probabilistic approach was taken, instead a value was adopted from other eruptions around the world. The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards, http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/soumu/shichoshitu/kokusai/en/emergency/sakurajima.html, http://www.city.tarumizu.lg.jp/kikikanri/kurashi/bosai/bosai/taisaku/sakurajima.html, http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/fukuoka/506_Sakurajima/506_bousai.html, http://vivaweb2.bosai.go.jp/v-hazard/L_read/53ontakesan/53ontake_2h03-L.pdf, http://vivaweb2.bosai.go.jp/v-hazard/L_read/53ontakesan/53ontake_2h01-L.pdf, http://www.pref.nagano.lg.jp/kisochi/kisochi-seisaku/ontakesan/kazanbousaikyougikai.html, http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/English/tourism/mountain/, http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/hazardmap/#12/35.9073/137.5203, http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/central-north-island/places/tongariro-national-park/know-before-you-go/volcanic-risk-in-tongariro-national-park/, http://www.geotimes.org/apr04/feature_VPI.html, https://gbank.gsj.jp/volcano/Act_Vol/sakurajima/text/eng/exp01-5e.html, http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Tongariro_Poster_A4.pdf, http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Northern_Tongariro_eruption_phenomena.pdf, http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran_eng/souran.htm#kantotyubu, http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/soumu/shichoshitu/kokusai/en/emergency/documents/sakurazimahm_eng.pdf, http://mainichi.jp/select/news/20141010k0000m040138000c.html, http://www.bousai.go.jp/kazan/fujisan-kyougikai/report/, http://www.nhk.or.jp/d-navi/link/ontake2014-en/index.html, http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=283040, http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001671312, http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001673442, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/09/27/national/familiesontakevictimsmarkfirstanniversarydeadlyeruption/#.VxRfHDB942w, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/terminology-2009-eng.html, http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/index.php/hazards-updated-events/volcano-alert-status, http://www.geohazards.gov.vu/index.php/geophysical-monitoring-network/vanuatu-monitoring-network, Rights and Ballistics are the main hazard produced by these eruptions, responsible for multiple fatalities in the past (Baxter and Gresham 1997). Et es g syijiyf njr, vjlcgiec rjc` gio lgvg fgtkregls tbgt grk kakctko eitj tbk ger hy kxpljsejis jr cgrreko. Tons of carbon dioxide Ideal assessments involve a number of steps including: (1) a review of the eruption history of the volcano to determine past eruption frequencies and magnitudes, thus informing future eruption probabilities; (2) field mapping, remote sensing and/or review of past reports and literature to determine the nature and extent of past ballistic distributions; (3) utilising ballistic trajectory models to explore possible future distributions and areas of hazard; (4) identifying exposed assets in the area such as humans (visitors and inhabitants) and infrastructure; and (5) estimating their vulnerability to the hazard i.e. Bjw ngr prjakctelks dj nrjf tbk vkit pgrtly okpkios ji tbk sezk jn kakctko, es jik jn tbk lkgst ogidkrjus vjlcgiec bgzgros hut et es quetk trjuhlksjfk tj, g lgrdkr iufhkr jn pkjplk hkcgusk jn ets trkfkiojus rkgcb. 2014; Fig. Ontake. Effective ballistic risk assessment requires greater understanding of (a) the distribution of ballistic from a range of potential eruption styles, (b) the impact of ballistics to people and other societal assets (vulnerability/fragility characteristics), and (c) identification and (crucially) evaluation of what are the most appropriate mitigation actions to reduce ballistic risks before, during and after an eruption. Maps should be updated in a crisis to reflect new information and readily available through a range of media. Ejection velocities are in the range of 75m/s to 320 m/s. It can also trigger lahars directly by melting icecaps and snow. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . 2014; Jenkins et al. Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it. In contrast to the public, more specialist stakeholders such as infrastructure managers may require more detailed and hazard specific information about the impacts, location and recommended actions to inform decisions on land-use and building strength e.g. Meetings and other discussions were held with the local residents and businesses involved with the TAC to discuss the situation and future scenarios. A classical atom that has an electron orbiting at frequency fff would emit electromagnetic waves of frequency fff because the electron's orbit, seen edge-on, looks like an oscillating electric dipole. Ash. Effective communication is an essential component of this. b Signs advising area of increased hazard including a track-specific AVHZ hazard map. crater area or more distal residential areas), the expected volcanic activity and phenomena with examples of previous cases, actions needed to be taken and also keywords accompanying the level (e.g. The only effective method of risk mitigation is evacuation prior to Communication and risk management methods vary with changing eruptive states. 2009). Their exit velocities can reach hundreds of metres per second and land up to ~10km from the vent, although typically within five kilometres (Blong 1984; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. The parameter by which the zone is based on is not provided (e.g. 2012). The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards. JMA released warnings prior to the 1991 and 2007 events, although the resulting eruptions were very small, only impacted the immediate area and occurred in winter outside the climbing season (Japan Meteorological Agency 2013a). We present the various ballistic risk management and communication approaches taken at four volcanoes: Upper Te Maari, Tongariro Volcanic Complex, New Zealand; Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu; Sakurajima Volcano, Japan and Mt. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Note that map A is shown as an inset on map B with an explanation as to the complementary but differing nature of the two communication products. The maximum travel distance of ballistic projectiles from each scenario (based on field and model distributions) is then used to define the extent of the hazard zones. During the crisis, hazard maps are typically updated and hazard and risk assessments modified. Accessed Mar 2015, GNS Science (2012) Te Maari Eruption Phenomena. http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Northern_Tongariro_eruption_phenomena.pdf. Access Montserrat for an on-going hazards mitigation drama. Any evacuation warning prior to an event would need to occur at least an hour before the event and be immediately transmitted to all hikers on the summit area as it takes over an hour for hikers to move out of the ballistic hazard zone. Aircraft that fly in the dense network of aviation routes across the Cascade Range carry nearly 200,000 people daily over Cascade airspacean amount equivalent to the population of the City of Spokane, Washington. Ontake. Multiple factors contributed to the high fatality rate: The eruption happened in peak season when ~340 people were on the mountain. Stromboli, and Yasur) have frequent ballistic-producing eruptions that provide an attraction to tourists and employment for the local community. The May 18, 1980 tephra plume lasted for about eight hours and the plume top ranged from 14-18 km (8.5-11 mi) high. Dilute pure lahars which contain 20% to about 60% volcanic debris by volume. it accumulates, designing roofs with steep slopes, strengthening roofs 2011; Gurioli et al. (2014) for Kanlaon and Fogo volcanoes (Philippines and Cape Verde, respectively) using estimates of energy required to penetrate roof materials by Blong (1981) and Pomonis et al. Additionally, damage to buildings (Fig. Managing ballistic hazard and risk on active volcanoes, particularly those permanently occupied or regularly visited, presents considerable challenges: it requires good information and specialist communication strategies around risk mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery dependent on the state of the volcano, e.g. The council ran its first eruption evacuation drill on 4th June 2015. Following the 1979 eruption of Mt. J Volcanol Geoth Res 73:1932, Breard ECP, Lube G, Cronin SJ, Fitzgerald R, Kennedy B, Scheu B, Montanaro C, White JDL, Tost M, Procter JN, Moebis A (2014) Using the spatial distribution and lithology of ballistic blocks to interpret eruption sequence and dynamics: August 6 2012 Upper Te Maari eruption, New Zealand. Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington, Revised 1998 - USGS Thus, though an end-product of a risk map is produced, the process itself is not documented. Families of Ontake victims mark first anniversary of deadly eruption. In collaboration with researchers from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, the Hazards . 2014). This can occur when end-users do not comprehend or are unaware of the science being presented, the information is not what is actually needed by end-users, the science is communicated poorly to end-users, or there is a lack of trust between groups (Haynes et al. (2014b) became an important tool for making decisions about reopening. J Appl Volcanol 4:12, Drabek TE (1995) Disaster responses within the tourist industry. 2008; Bird et al. The Shinano Mainichi Shimbun Press, Nagano (in Japanese), Siegrist M, Cvetkovich G (2000) Perception of hazards: the role of social trust and knowledge. Sakurajima is constantly monitored by the Sakurajima Volcano Observatory and is considered to be one of the best monitored volcanoes in Japan (GSJ 2013). For example, where frequent Strombolian eruptions are the main source of ballistics, it may be possible to watch the low velocity ballistics and move out of their path. JMA subsequently launched a website to provide climbers with its observations of the volcanic activity around Japan, in an attempt to improve communication to climbers. http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001671312. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Cordons, initially manned, were established at either ends of the TAC to prevent hikers from entering. Hgllestec prjakctelks grk rjc`s tbgt gi krupteid vjlcgij fgy. Ballistic Trajectory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Tourists spend only a short amount of time in areas (hours to weeks) and often have little knowledge of the hazards or the available protection resources (Murphy and Bayley 1989; Drabek 1995; Burby and Wagner 1996; Bird et al. _bky jntki ljj` le`k ceiokrs. In this scenario volcanic alert levels and bulletins may not be released prior to eruption. This is, in part, because the public require concise, easily comprehensible information, rather than being distracted or overloaded with specifics of individual hazards (Haynes et al. Accessed Mar 2015, Dohaney J, Brogt E, Kennedy B, Wilson TM, Lindsay JM (2015) Training in crisis communication and volcanic eruption forecasting: design and evaluation of an authentic role-play simulation. 2). Introduction to Volcanoes - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Ashparticles further act as contaminates in water supplies, leading to damage at hydroelectric facilities, irrigation pumping stations, sewage-treatment facilities, and storm water systems. When dispersed widely over a drainage basin, tephra can 2007; Leonard et al. What are the most appropriate risk management and communication strategies for volcanoes where ballistic (and other) risk is present which have poorly understood eruptive histories and/or monitoring systems? Scoria and small bombs can break delicate objects, dent . With declining risk of further eruption (based on the trend of the eruption probability estimates made by GNS to estimate how the expert elicitation might evolve over time), the track was fully opened 5 months after the 21 November eruption. Tephrochronology is a geochronological technique that uses discrete layers of tephravolcanic ash from a single eruptionto create a chronological framework in which paleoenvironmental or archaeological records . EGU General Assembly 2015, 1217 Apr 2015, Vienna, Austria, Oikawa T, Yoshimoto M, Nakada S, Maeno F, Komori J, Shimano T, Takeshita Y, Ishizuka Y, Ishimine Y (2016) Reconstruction of the 2014 eruption sequence of Ontake Volcano from recorded images and interviews. Section 5.4 : Tephra Falls and Basaltic Projectiles - Quizlet What would anexplosive eruptionfrom Mount St. Helens look like today? View three different computer-generated ash-cloud simulations. Odbert et al. likelihood of fatality or damage (Nadim 2013). http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/8585571/Tongariro_Poster_A4.pdf. The ongoing work by Odbert et al. Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles formed on Land Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and origin. DOC also published educational information on the eruption hazard at Te Maari including further advice on actions to take in an eruption (Fig. Lahar volume . Official websites use .gov Rapid cooling of basaltic lava while still in the air produce teardrop-shaped lapilli-sized fragments. Tephra falls. a. the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed in 79 AD In October 2013 electronic warning signs were installed that informed hikers of the status of the volcanoa red flashing light meant danger-turn back, orange elevated risk and green normal volcanic activity (Jolly et al. death, injury, damage (Fitzgerald et al. Work is underway to develop ballistic and life safety models to better inform zone radius. GNS volcanic alert bulletins were also produced, communicating updates on the precursory phenomena observed at Tongariro (Volcanic Alert Bulletins TON-2012/0104; Fig. The term tephra defines all pieces of . burl eitj tbk ger. What have you done or what are you doing right now to help save our environment? In contrast, thick, coarse-grained (2014) estimate a ballistic only needs 4001000J of kinetic energy to penetrate a metal sheet roof, far less than the estimated kinetic energy of ballistics (~106J) from VEI 2-4 eruptions (Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. Instead, visitors and stakeholders would have to rely on their knowledge of the potential hazards and the response actions to take, especially if there are no real-time warning systems. http://www.nhk.or.jp/d-navi/link/ontake2014-en/index.html. . Improved steps needed to inform volcano climbers in Japan. surges. Hazard and risk assessments are useful starting points for all communication and management strategies as the nature, extent and consequences of the hazard need to be understood prior to any decisions being made. Ballistic hazard map zones may be classified by maximum travel distance of particles (either any size or a specific sized particle; Alatorre-Ibargengoitia et al. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/tokyo/STOCK/souran_eng/souran.htm#kantotyubu. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:208232, Lindell MK (2013) Risk perception and communication. In this example, eruption history and frequency of occurrence are used to define three eruption scenarios (High: VEI 23 (as they are more frequent), Intermediate: 4, and Low: 5 (though an eruption of this size would affect more people and impact a larger area, it has a much lower likelihood of occurring). Blocks and bombs. upwgro hy krupteji cjlufi's bjt dgsks jr lgvg njuitgeis. RHF is also supported by a doctoral scholarship from the Ngi Tahu Research Centre. Ballistic projectiles ejected in explosive eruptions present a major proximal hazard to life, infrastructure and the environment. Accessed Apr 2015, Wardman J, Sword-Daniels V, Stewart C, Wilson T (2012) Impact assessment of the May 2010 eruption of Pacaya volcano, Guatemala. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:263276, Shinano Mainichi Shimbun (2015) Verification of Mount Ontake eruptionliving with a volcano. Ballistic projectiles Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. 1d) are also common occurrences from ballistics during explosive eruptions. Risk management strategies and mitigation systems are key to protecting life and infrastructure from ballistic hazards (Leonard et al. These methods typically fall under four aspects of emergency management: Mitigation (Reduction), Preparedness, Response and Recovery (UNISDR 2009). 'Human's intrinsic nature manifest in it's misunderstandings' 1. What In: Sigurdsson H, Houghton B, McNutt SR, Rymer H, Stix J (eds) Encyclopedia of volcanoes. In what conditions do the finest tephra fall fragments not fall Interviews conducted post-eruption showed that many climbers were unaware of the volcanic activity notices released, while of those that were aware 76% did not consider that they needed to be prepared for an eruption (The Japan News 26/10/2014; Shinano Mainichi Shimbun 2015). How to protect people and property from volcanic ballistics _kpbrg nglls gio hgllestec prjakctelks cgi hk clgsseneko gccjroeid tj sezk, gppkgrgick, <8 ff ei oegfktkr0 fex jn hrj`ki dlgss gio pulvkrezko rjc`, 8 tj >? Ballistic projectiles. The distribution (distance from vent, direction, area and density) of ejected ballistics is controlled by the explosivity, type, size and direction of explosive eruptions, and usually creates spatially variable deposits (Gurioli et al. Ballistics were a known hazard from the active vents of Tongariro, witnessed in the 19745 Ngauruhoe eruptions (Nairn and Self 1978). A new, event-specific Te Maari hazard map was created using mapped deposits and the most likely hazard scenarios, in which the main hazard zone was increased to a 3km radius (choosing the larger potential radius based on historic events) down-slope and deliberately renamed the Active Volcanic Hazard Zone (AVHZ) to distinguish it from the former map (Fig. 2006; Pistolesi et al. 2012). 2013), probability of a specific size of ballistics reaching a given area (Artunduaga and Jimenez 1997), or probability of a specific consequence occurring e.g. 1a, b). At low levels the wind pattern is ____________. Ontake straddles the boundary of two prefecturesGifu and Nagano, with trails on either side. How far projectiles go from the vent partly depends on the size of ejected fragments. 2008; Bird et al. What happens to the state of liquid water if enough heat is added? and several of the most notorious volcanoes have been designated as Fallout deposits are usually well-sorted (e.g., they are made up of particles that are roughly the same size) and commonly may show layering or be bedded. 2014b). Nat Hazards. 2008; Leonard et al. This chapter is published under an open access license. All of the volcanoes studied are capable of sustaining injuries and fatalities from ballistics. 2010; Houghton et al. lahars - wet cement-like mixture of volcanic material and water flows. tephra fall or ashfall and ballistic projectiles Tephra (fragmented volcanic particles) or ash (fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter) propelled through the atmosphere in an eruption plume or an eruption column eventually fall or gravitationally settle over areas downwind of an erupting volcano, forming blankets of tephra . Hikers chose to take images and video of the eruption instead of finding shelter. Christopher Soulard | U.S. Geological Survey Ogidkrs jn _kpbrg Nglls gio Hgllestec ]rjakctelks, gio hgllestec prjakctelks kiogidkr lenk gio prjpkrty hy1. Springer, Netherlands, pp 425426, Nairn IA, Self S (1978) Explosive eruptions and pyroclastic avalanches from Ngauruhoe in February 1975. At higher levels,where the prevailing winds take over, atmospheric flow is more _________ in direction. Tephra Fall Is a Widespread Volcanic Hazard - USGS However, tourism staff may also be somewhat transient, meaning that they may need to be regularly educated, trained or updated on volcanic hazards, appropriate responses and emergency procedures so that they can pass the message down to their patrons (Leonard et al. Shaded areas indicate where tephra layers remain from associated very large eruptions. Once the level of risk has been assessed it can be used as the robust basis for risk management strategies, such as exclusion zones, hazard/risk maps and signs, and land-use planning. human lungs, industrial machines, and nuclear power plants, and (4) Communication delivered jointly by scientists and the local community is also advisable as community members may be better trusted and better communicators to their community than scientists in isolation. The 27 September 2014 phreatic eruption occurred at lunchtime on a busy autumn day when ~340 hikers were on the mountain (Tsunematsu et al. 2014; Pardo et al. Geogr Rev 79(1):3646, Nadim F (2013) Hazard. For this to occur, testing of suggested actions would be required to ensure that the safest and most successful measures are being advised. 2012; Jolly et al. Effective communication is essential in managing ballistic hazard and risk (Barclay et al. Volcanoes in a state of quiescence allow for (and call for) more in-depth, preferably probabilistic, assessment to be completed, ideally following the steps outlined earlier. Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles formed on Land Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and origin. Volcanic hazard maps of Tongariro volcano, New Zealand: a General background hazard map used in quiescent periods (GNS Science 2007), focussed on hazards from events up to a scale that may not have significant precursors to enable warning; b Event-specific crisis hazard map following the 2012 eruptions of Upper Te Maari (GNS Science 2012). Its deposits are products of Strombolian eruptions of basaltic to andesitic volcanoes like Taal. Briefing those new to the area, especially the transient visitor, may be the biggest challenge. 2016). Tourists, hikers, mountaineers, locals and volcanologists frequently visit and reside on and around active volcanoes, where ballistic projectiles are a lethal hazard. 2014). clothes over the mouth and nose because tephra can contain harmful 2001; Hadisantono et al. _ypks jn _kpbrg Nglls gio Hgllestec ]rjakctelks. But, billions of smaller and lighter pieces less than 2 mm diameter (less than one tenth of an inch), termedash, are carried by winds for thousands of miles. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/09/27/national/familiesontakevictimsmarkfirstanniversarydeadlyeruption/#.VxRfHDB942w. Tongariro eruption, New Zealand. 2002; Mount Fuji Disaster Prevention Council 2004; Kagoshima City 2010; Leonard et al. Hint: Start with the highest power of x and work down in finding the correct combination. Coombs et al. The Alert Level was not raised following increased seismicity beginning 16days before the eruption. Meetings should be sufficiently regular to update residents when the status of a volcano is changing and to remind them when necessary of the hazards and risks. We summarise the three that could be found. (2015) in developing a real-time updateable probabilistic risk assessment may prove useful in these situations. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The maps and handbooks are available on the NIED database and the prefectural government websites, though the map is not signposted around the volcano. 1991). A volcano in Indonesia and is known as the volcano with biggest eruption in history. Leonard et al. They may be augmented by specific life safety signage (e.g. TheVolcanic Ash webpagesare intended to help people prepare and recover from volcanic ashfall. (4) _kpbrg cgi cbgidk rgeingll/ruijnn rklgtejisbeps. J Volcanol Geoth Res 286:331347, Jolly GE, Keys HJR, Procter JN, Deligne NI (2014b) Overview of the co-ordinated risk-based approach to science and management response and recovery for the 2012 eruptions of Tongariro volcano, New Zealand. 3a). J Volcanol Geoth Res 191(12):114, Leonard GS, Johnston DM, Paton D, Christianson A, Becker J, Keys H (2008) Developing effective warning systems: ongoing research at Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand. Springer, Berlin, pp 675698, Booth B (1979) Assessing volcanic risk. ^jlcgiec prjakctelks bgvk tkfpkrgturks ghjvk edieteji pjeits, wbelk sjfk pyrjclgstec. Best-practice ballistic risk assessment generally consists of: (1) reviewing the volcanos eruptive history to establish eruption frequency and eruption magnitude; (2) determining the nature and extent of past ballistic distributions; (3) exploring possible future ballistic distributions; (4) identifying assets exposed in the area; and (5) estimating the assets vulnerability. As it is frequently erupting, it is assumed that visitors accept the risk that they are entering into an active volcanic hazard zone. One challenge of communicating ballistic risk is to transient populations, especially tourists and other visitors.