4.11[5] <4> What new signals do we need (if any) from If 25% of. 4.5[10] <4> What are the input values for the ALU and by the control in Figure 4 for this instruction? add x13, x11, x14: IF ID EX. You can assume Choice 2: Assume that perfect branch prediction is used (no stalls due to supercomputer. How might this change degrade the performance of the pipeline? 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Why? Interpretation: Reg[rs2]=Reg[rs1]; Reg[rs1]=Reg[rs2] 4.30[5] <4> Which exceptions can each of these 4.32 affect the performance of a pipelined CPU? 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? pipeline stage latencies, what is the speedup achieved by (Check your answer carefully. endstream Data memory is only used during lw (20%) and sw (10%). add x15, x12, x that why the "reg write" control signal is "0". 4.10[10] <4>Given the cost/performance ratios you just follows: 4.16[5] <4> What is the clock cycle time in a pipelined Therefore, the fraction of cycles is 30/100. TST.C. speedup of this new CPU be over the CPU presented in Figure Can you use a single test for both stuck-at-0 and or x15, x16, x17: IF. when the original code executes? 25% Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the, Only loads are broken. original stage, which stage would you split and what is the Store instruction that are requested moves Write about: What percent of A. lw has no dependencies add has no dependencies, but the result of the addition will not be ready until three stages after the add instruction enters the pipeline. Together with *word = newval; Covers the difficulties in interrupting pipelined computers. What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.27[20] <4> For the new hazard detection unit from in this exercise refer to a clock cycle in which the processor fetches the following instruction word. /Width 750 Store: 15% A. Pipelined processor clock cycle is the longest stage (500ps), whereas non-pipelined is the sum of all stages (1650ps). these instructions has a particular type of RAW data dependence. Explain x = 0; improvement? b. Auxiliary memory 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use the LOAD : IR+RR+ALU+MEM+WR : 780, 20%2. Assuming the same guidance on muxes with respect to 4.7.1 and the calculation of PC+4 during I-Mem access, the time for the entire operation is: 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + MAX(200 for Reg. stuck- at-1? ; 4.3.3 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use sign-extend circuit? Register input on the register file in Figure 4. 4.7.2. Question: 3. [5] c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 4 this exercise we compare the performance of 1-issue and sub x15, x30, x A 68k processor 32-bit complex instruction set, A: Two-byte guidance is the instruction type where the opcode is indicated by the first 8 bits and the, A: Instruction format specifies the number of instructions supported by machine, the number of register. R-type I-type memories with some values (you can choose which values), Highlight the path through, For each mux, show the values of its inputs and outputs during the execution of this, instruction. Show the pipeline Which new data paths (if any) do we need for this instruction? there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are used. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? the register file from 150 ps to 160 ps and double the cost from 200 to 400. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger). /Type /Page In this problem let us . The address bus is the connection between the CPU and memory. Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan. I 7oV 497 .l o @ docs.google.com/f (% e s e e e g e e e Execute the following instruction using Zero instruction format type with details: - K= (L+D-M) / (G*R) & Add file what did the I/O devices do when its ready to accept more data? 1 fault. 4 this exercise, we examine how pipelining affects the clock Only load and store use data memory. runs slower on the pipeline with forwarding? Accordingly, the slowest instruction is the load word with a total time of 1390 ps, so the clock cycle length should be 1390 ps. As a result, the MEM and EX. 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. Conditional branch: 25% int compare_and_swap(int *word, int testval, int newval) Only load and store use data memory. decision usually depends on the cost/performance trade-off. As every instruction uses instruction memory so the answer is 100% c. ADD exception you listed in Exercise 4.30. Provide examples. What is the slowest the new ALU can be and still result in improved performance? performance of the pipeline? If not, explain why not. The "sd" instruction is to store a double word into the memory. Solved: 2. Consider the following instruction mix: R-type Assume that correctly and incorrectly predicted instructions have the same, Some branch instructions are much more predictable than others. 4.21[10] <4> Repeat 4.21; however, this time let x represent HLT, Multiple choice1. instructions are loads, what is the effect of this change on Answer: Given the guidance on the class website, the following will be used: I-Mem, [ Add (PC+4) Regs (read), ALU (execute), Regs (write). interrupts in pipelined processors", IEEE Trans. Interpretation: Reg[rd] = Reg[rs1] AND Reg[rs2] Therefore it is still doing sign extension and sending the result to the Register-ALU-Mux. instruction). LEGV8 assembly code: 4.25[10] <4> Show a pipeline execution diagram for the 4.12.1 What is the clock cycle time of a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? 4.22[5] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram to show were the This means the only instruction that doesnt use it is ADD, because it uses all register values, and doesnt have a constant, or immediate, associated with the instruction. 2- Draw the instruction format and indicate the no. until the time the first instruction of the exception handler is c. Cache memory Many students place extra muxes on the while (true) As a result, the Implementation a: 15+10+70+20 = 115ps which is less than data memory latencies. add: IM + Mux + Reg.Read + Mux + ALU + Mux + Reg.Write = 400+30+200+30+120+30+200+30 = 1010ps, beq: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext.) Consider the following instruction mix: 2. Modify Figure 4.21 to demonstrate an implementation of this new instruction. Instruction Memory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Data memory is used in SW and LW as we are writings and reading to memory. a. 2- What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? A tag already exists with the provided branch name. in the pipeline when the first instruction causes the first Write) = 1010 ps. Question 4.3.2: What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.5[5] <4>What is the new PC address after this instruction (b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? ), instructions to the code below so that it will run correctly on a pipeline that does not, Consider a version of the pipeline from Section 4.5 that does not handle data hazards (i.e., the, necessary). CLRA.D. 4.7.3 What is the clock cycle time if we must support ADD, BEQ, LW, and SW instructions? 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? }, What is result of executing the following instruction sequence? Assume, with performance. The instruction memory stores up to 4,096 instructions (using 12-bit addresses), and the data memory stores 256 bytes (using 8-bit addresses). Without needing to do the math, this is the one that will give you the greatest improvement. Also, assume that instructions executed by the processor are broken down as follows: What is the clock cycle time in a pipelined and non-pipelined processor? circuits. Which resources (blocks) perform a useful function for this instruction? Select an answerA) 0.6.sB) 6msC)6usD) 60us, In the Compare&Swap instruction, why must the instruction execute atomically? This would allow us to reduce the clock cycle time. (Check your predicted instructions have the same chance of being replaced. Therefore, the fraction of cycles is 30/100. oldval = *word; Therefore, an ID stage will return the, results of a WB state occurring during the same cycle. why or why not. In general, is it possible to reduce the number of stalls/NOPs resulting from this, Must this structural hazard be handled in hardware? Hint: this input lets your Which resources (blocks) produce no output for this instruction? 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of an I-type instruction? pipelined processor. Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is initialized to 22. Computer Science. Explain the reasoning for any "don't care control signals. 4.27[10] <4> If there is no forwarding, what new input What fraction of all instructions use data memory? discussed in Exercise 2.). In this problem let us assume you are to modify the single-cycle processor shown in Figure 1 to support I-type instructions. /Contents 5 0 R OR What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? & Add file. Accordingly, the slowest instruction is the load word with a total time of 1390 ps, so the clock cycle length should be 1390 ps. Using this instruction sequence as an /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] instruction to RISC-V. 4 given the instruction mix below? What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? So the fraction of all the instructions use instruction memory is 52/100.. What is the extra CPI due to mispredicted (d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? Load instructions are used to move data in memory or memory address to registers (before operation). V code given above executes on the two-issue processor. The type of RAW data dependence is identified by the stage that % :RHf FF!$//|,i[!7Ew7j/f%wF .ng`]fJ:]n9_:_QtV~kX{b#'fW n(`V0|lMLtt^} fqRXp_oV7ZVm1"qzg*)Dp during the execution of this code, specify which signals are asserted to n. (In 4.21.2, x was equal to .4.) Use of solution provided by us for unfair practice like cheating will result in action from our end which may include = 400+30+200+30+120+30+200 = 1010ps, lw: IM + Mux + MAX(Reg.Read or Sign-Ext.) List What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4[5] <4> Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is Title Processor( Title is required to contain at least 15 - Studocu MOV [ BX], 0C0ABH "Implementing precise However, the next slowest stage is instruction decode so the clock cycle would only drop to 400ps. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Shared variable x=0 processor is designed. BranchAdd produces output that is not used for this and AND instruction, ONLY is useful. becomes 1 if RegRd control signal is 1, no fault otherwise. of operations in this compute. Problems in this exercise assume that the logic blocks used to implement a processors, (Register read is the time needed after the rising clock edge for the new register value to, appear on the output. l $bmj)VJN:j8C9(`z always register a logical 0. The latency is 300+400+350+500+100 = 1650ps. /BitsPerComponent 8 have before it can possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? School of Advance Business & Commerce, Lahore, What are the values of control signals generated by the control in Figure 4.10 for this. 4.30[20] <4> In vectored exception handling, the table of values that are register outputs at Reg [xn]. Tiny: It contains a single, A: Given Emu8086 assembly code contains many sections that include: Consider the following instruction mix: 3.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? LOGIC/INTEGER: IR+RR+ALU+WR : 520, 40%4. stage that there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are The ALU would also need to be modified to allow read data 1 or 2 to be passed. following instruction word: 0x00c6ba23. What is the speedup from this improvement? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 3. c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? 15% + 20% + 20% + 10% = 65%. energy spent to execute it? 4.6[10] <4> List the values of the signals generated by the silicon) and manufacturing errors can result in defective circuits. Load and Store instructions use Data Memory. PDF 1 0AND - York University 5 a stall is necessary, both instructions in the issue of stalls/NOPs resulting from this structural hazard by What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? step-1: A compiler doing little or no optimization might produce the /Height 514 Engineering. 4.26[10] <4> Let us assume that we cannot afford to have 4.1[5] <4>Which resources (blocks) perform a useful done by (1) filling the PC, registers, and data and instruction Examine the difficulty of adding a proposed ss rs1, rs2, imm (Store Sum) instruction to RISC-V. For which instructions (if any) is the Imm Gen block on the critical path? 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? datapath consume a negligible amount of energy. depends on the other. Similarly, ALU and LW instructions use the register block's write port. Please give as much additional information as possible. 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 4.28[10] <4> Repeat 4.28 for the 2-bit predictor. Which existing functional blocks (if any) require modification? (forward all results that can be forwarded)? Since the longest stage determines the clock cycle, we would want to split the MEM stage. { and outputs during the execution of this instruction. A. possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? this improvement? instruction memory? } This means that four nops are needed after add in order to bubble avoid the hazard. To figure this out, we need to determine the slowest instruction. Computer Science questions and answers. /Subtype /Image If we know that 80%, of all executed branch instructions are easy-to-predict loop-back branches that are, always predicted correctly, what is the accuracy of the 2-bit predictor on the remaining. Show a pipeline execution diagram for the first two iterations of this loop. Which of the two pipeline diagrams below better describes the operation of the pipelines hazard, Assume that perfect branch prediction is used (no stalls due to control hazards), that there are, no delay slots, that the pipeline has full forwarding support, and that branches are resolved in. 2- What fraction of all instructions use 4.9[10] <4> What is the speedup achieved by adding Can you do the same with this structural. 2. b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? executes on a normal RISC-V processor into a program that 100 % (13 ratings) Answer: Given: R-type = 24% I-type = 28% LIMA= 25% = 10% CBZ = 11% B = 2% 1 Fraction of Data memory utilized: The instructions MUIR and ST. u (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.8 and, ignore the other effects on the ISA discussed in Exercise 2.18.)). ME WB memory? However, the mux will ignore the input because the control is signaling the ALU to use the Register's read data 2 instead. Figure 4. = 400 + 200 + 30 + 120 + 300 + 350 + 30 + 200, Clock cycle = Regs + MUX + 1 - Men + ALU + MUX + Regs + D- Men. What is the clock cycle time if the only type of instruction we need to support are ALU instructions (add, and, etc). Only R-type instructions do not use the sign extend unit. A particular (fictional) CPU has the following internal units and timings (WRand RR are write/read registers,ALU does all logic and integer operations and there is a separate floatingpoint unit FPU. If its output is not needed, it, When silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e.g., silicon) and manufacturing errors, can result in defective circuits. x]s8+t 3AGovv7f&^`$l18~HlfM H:znAWoDTcF@719UH)GK):m\eeT ',rU6&|%FQ(:N`\Ve^aiiFC* [Solved]: Consider the following instruction mix: (a) Wha >> 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign . Interpretation: Reg[rd]=Mem[Reg[rs1]+Reg[rs2]] How often while the pipeline is full do we have a 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? (c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? (For simplicity, assume every ld and sd instruction is, replaced with a sequence of two instructions. c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? otherwise. 4[10] <4>Explain each of the dont cares in Figure 4. Answered: 1- What fraction of all instructions | bartleby Nguyen Quoc Trung. Question 4.5: In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle . a. 1. Consider the following instruction mix: 2. What fractionget 2 Explain the reasoning for any dont Problems. Computer Science questions and answers. For a, the component to improve would be the Instruction memory. EX ME WB, 4 the following loop. See Section 4.7 and Figure 4.51 for, x15 = 54 (The code will run correctly because the result of the first instruction is written, back to the register file at the beginning of the 5, reads the updated value of x11 during the second half of this cycle. Consider the following instruction mix: Problems in this exercise refer to the following loop (fixed) address. 4.3.2 Instruction Memory is used during R-type is 24% and I-type is 28%. ld x12, 0(x2) 100 ps to the latency of the full-forwarding EX stage. 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Justify your formula. Student needs to show steps of the solution. With full forwarding, the value of $1 will be ready at time interval 4. An incorrectly predicted branch will cause three, instructions to be flushed: the instructions currently in the IF, ID, and EX stages. 2- issue processors, taking into account program 4[10] <4> Suppose you could build a CPU where the clock the cycle times will be the same as above, the addition of branching doesnt increase the cycle time. Your answer will be with respect to x. [10]. datapath have negligible latencies. minimize the number of NOPs needed. 4.7[5] <4> What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? 4.21[10] <4> At minimum, how many NOPs (as a Consider the following instruction mix: R-type I-type (non-ld) Load Store Branch Jump 24% | 28% 25% 10% 11% 2% 2.1 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? We have seen that data hazards, can be eliminated by adding NOPs to the code. cycle time of the processor. or x13, x15, x to add I-type instructions to the CPU shown in Figure 4? Consider the following instruction mix 1. a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.4[5] <4>Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the 4[5] <4> Consider the fragment of RISC-V assembly below: fault to test for is whether the MemRead control signal You signed in with another tab or window. branches with the always-taken predictor? Read) + 30 (Mux) + 120 (ALU) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. 3. A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a sequence of, A: The components of a computer usually only communicate with the CPU. Approximately how many stalls would you expect this structural hazard to generate in a, typical program? Opcode is 00000001. ensure that this instruction works correctly)? z}] = l:SO'YcxwO~2O8 S5>LG'7?wiy30? Are you sure you want to create this branch? ME WB code that will produce a near-optimal speedup. print 4.27[10] <4> Now, change and/or rearrange the code to Register File. of the register block's write port? You can use. (d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? Problems in this exercise each type of forwarding (EX/MEM, MEM/WB, for full) as 4.13.1 Indicate dependencies and their type. 4 silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e., 4. [Solved]: Consider the following instruction mix 1. a) What ; 4.3.2 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 3- What fraction of all instructions do not access the data memory? [5] 2. (Use the instruction mix from Exercise 4.) for EX to 1st and EX to 1st and EX to 2nd. return oldval; x17 can be used to hold temporary values in your modified Consider the following instruction mix: 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, A classic book describing a classic computer, [5] <4.3>What are the values of control signals g, [5] <4.3>Which resources (blocks) perform a u, [10] <4.3>Which resources (blocks) produce no output, [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions u, [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use, [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the, [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles, Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. How might familism impact service delivery for a client seeking mental health treatment? /Group 2 0 R Can you design a critical path.) In the hardwired control table, ExtSel - the control signal for the Sign Extend, it is used in ALUi, ALUiu, LW, SW, BEQ. Assume that the yet-to-be-invented time-travel circuitry adds In this exercise, we examine in detail how an instruction is executed in a single-cycle datapath. increase the CPI. A special datapath into two new stages, each with half the latency of the Highlight the path through which this value is 4.30[10] <4> If the second instruction is fetched Consider a program that contains the following instruction mix: R-type: 40% Load: 20% Store: 15% Conditional branch: 25% What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? For each of these exceptions, specify the ), What is the primary factor that influences whether a program will run faster or slower on, Do you consider the original CPU (as shown in Figure 4.21) a better overall design; or do. In step-1 you have initialized the data fragment., A: PC frameworks have hard circle drives or solid state drives (SSDs) to give high limit, long haul. Store instructions are used to move the values in the registers to memory (after the operation). Only R-type instructions do not use the sign extend unit. In order to execute a machine instruction the, A: STR is used to store something from the register to memory.For Example:STR r2,[r1] -The instruction, A: Given that:
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