How can the U.S. and its allies increase fabrication capacity outside of East Asia and increase the resilience of semiconductor supply chains? Nonetheless, at least one U.S. university, Georgias Wesleyan College, signed on with CIEF for the duration of its current CI agreement, although others in the U.S. and Europe are proceeding with announced closures. Isaac Stone Fish: Yes, the U.S. is in bad shape. Confrontation, competition, and cooperation between the U.S. and China will affect the environment for global economic growth, especially growth and poverty reduction in the developing world in the decades to come. Chinese universities that participate in CIEF and serve as CI partners are mostly state-funded and, like everything in China, under CCP leadership. Looking to the longer term, there is a need for more development finance to support infrastructure and other public services. Will Chinas economic slowdown reduce its financing for development elsewhere and otherwise limit development opportunities for its partners? What kinds of immigration policies and partnerships (between public and private sectors, and between governments) could support that goal? Other planning documents of the Xi-era, such as the 2015 Innovation-Driven Development Strategy (IDDS), describe the capability to innovate technologically as a source of national strength and links this concept to the dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Brookings Institution - Media Bias/Fact Check Brookings Institution Partnered With Shanghai Policy Center Under In 2009, the 973 Program supported 123 new scientific programs and 424 ongoing projects. China has worked to restructure its higher education system to develop universities capable of conducting research and competing at an international level through the 985 Project, the 211 Project, and now the Double First-Class Plan. What are the options for strategic arms control that could help cap Chinas expected nuclear buildup? As developing Asia continues to make strides with an outward looking economic model, the vast majority of the worlds middle class is expected to live in this region. Qatar, the small but wealthy Middle East nation, agreed last year to make a $14.8 million, four-year donation to Brookings, which has helped fund a Brookings affiliate in Qatar and a project on. Drug Trafficking & Counter-Narcotics Policy, Fentanyl: A triangle of sadness (US, Mexico, and China), Assessing Chinas Influence in South Asia. Its analysis of governance and secrecy provisions in 90 CI agreements found that U.S. university personnel generally control curriculum and teaching materials, although this is not always made clear in agreements. The reported ranges examined by The Post were $50,000-$99,999; $100,000-$249,999;. Technology is perhaps the most intense realm of competition between the United States and China today, and artificial intelligence (AI) is central to that contest. Distortive trade practices from either one subsidies that distort trade, dumping, or protectionism via tariffs or non-tariff barriers reduce development opportunities. A list of specific, actionable foreign policy ideas for the next president, enforce a foreign gift reporting requirement, initiated by 27 Chinese universities, companies and social organizations, effectively controlled by the Chinese government that funds it. Similarly, flouting of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and decisions by the big players is particularly hard on small and medium-sized economies. Even critics concede the CI program has provided valuable learning experiences otherwise unavailable due to budget constraints and the lack of Mandarin teachers at universities and public schools across the nation. With U.S.-China bilateral technology investment seeing a steep 96 percent decline since 2016, Beijing has been forced to look for new ways to source key technologies, turning to shell companies and intermediary agents to source foreign components, reagents, and other relevant equipment. Online. How are Chinas relations with other great powers creating opportunities and challenges for Beijing as it pursues its foreign policy objectives vis--vis the United States, and what will this mean for U.S. relations with the great powers? The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization devoted to independent, in-depth research that leads to pragmatic and innovative ideas on how to solve problems facing society.. The push toward a state capitalist systemone in which ostensibly private Chinese firms compete alongside traditional SOEshas put new and innovative Chinese companies on the global stage. The consequences of U.S.-China competition over AI and emerging technology extend far beyond the digital domain. It will also be a poor foundation for tackling global challenges such as pandemic control and climate change. Finally, Europe wields power globally by enhancing the role of the European Union, which is powerful on international economic issues while remaining weak as a security actor (although the massive and unprovoked Russian military assault against Ukraine in February 2022 stimulated calls for much greater European efforts on defense). Deterring a cross-Strait conflict: Beijings assessment of evolving US strategy. What are the implications of Chinese activity across various strategic domains security, infrastructure, economic statecraft, and more for the United States? The Brookings Institute - Stillness in the Storm CI partnerships also became embroiled in a Department of Education (DOE) initiative to enforce a foreign gift reporting requirement. What are the key dynamics and salient issues at play in Chinas relationship with the region? China is now without doubt the worlds number two military power. What is at stake in a U.S.-China war, including what are the implications if China successfully annexes Taiwan? However, certain parts of the Declaration, some of which are outlined below, signal greater ambition, especially in areas that are ripe for cooperation between the two nations and that focus on near-term impact. Brookings is now launching Phase 2 of the Global China Project which builds upon the research and analysis of the first phase, and shifts toward prescription, focusing on advancing recommendations on how the United States should respond to Chinas actions that implicate key American interests and values. According to a 2020 report from SOS International, IBM initially helped to advance the smart city concept in China. Beyond WeChat, China is now home to many of the worlds leading fintech companies, including Ant Financial and JD Finance, among others. To be sure, Beijings reliance on imported technologies goes well beyond foreign-designed semiconductors. These include: What approach can the U.S. pursue across strategic domains to integrate economic, military, and diplomatic measures to avoid conflict with China? Western technology firms have observed Chinas digital payments success and are trying to play catch-up, but no one has been able to replicate the wide variety of services offered by Chinas most important super app. Survey data from 2019 found that 95% of Chinese online consumers had used mobile payments at least once in a three-month period, and the average user made four transactions per day. What are Americas most fundamental interests in its relationship with China and what are desirable but secondary interests with China? History of the Brookings Institution, part 2 - MJ Economics Its defense spending, even if still only a third of Americas, is triple that of any other country. Boards of directors composed of university officials and faculty from each side exercise general oversight. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC. Chinese firms have also successfully marketed the Chinese version of smart cities to countries around the world, many of which share similar, non-liberal governance structures. Despite the huge amount of capital (estimated to be upwards of $150 billion USD from 2014 through 2030) and resources that Beijing has poured into bolstering Chinas domestic semiconductor manufacturing capacity, many of the countrys leading firms are struggling to realize the governments goals. The AIIB and the 'One Belt, One Road' - Brookings Global China - Brookings In 2014, West spoke at Huawei Innovation Day in Milan. What to Think about Think Tanks? : NPR Public Editor : NPR Brookings Institution is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization funded through donations. How can the United States and its democratic partners set international rules of the road for AI that support democratic values? This working group will seek to address the following questions: What policy actions or strategy can and should the U.S. take to position itself as the partner of choice as China increases its activities in South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Formerly a professor at Brown University, West has written 19 books, according to his LinkedIn page, and is a respected commentator on issues involving technology policy, privacy and security. However, the Chinese International Education Foundation (CIEF), a nominally independent organization registered with the Civil Affairs Ministry, supervised by MOE, and initiated by 27 Chinese universities, companies and social organizations, will manage the CI brand and program. Nonetheless, school officials joined others interviewed in the GAO and Senate studies in suggesting CI management improvements, such as clarifying U.S. universities authority and making agreements publicly available. It is in its near abroad, that Chinas influence is felt more intensely: from its expansive claims in the South and East China seas, border conflicts with India, and the more frequent use of economic coercion on regional actors; to landmark connectivity initiatives such as the Belt and Road initiative aiming to close the infrastructure finance gap and secure Chinas leadership in the region. Disclosure: Brookings Takes Millions from Foreign Governments But China is not just a growing military power; its also increasingly intent on wielding a combination of diplomatic and economic tools to challenge or reshape the terms and conditions of global order and global governance. After being added to the U.S. Department of Commerces Entity List in 2020, Chinas most advanced chip foundry, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), has struggled to meet its goals. Tomorrows tech policy conversations today. As the analyst Arthur Kroeber argues in Chinas Economy, Chinese firms are good at adaptive innovationthe concept of taking existing products, services, or processes and modifying them to make them more receptive to Chinas economic and military needs. So when Chinas Peoples Liberation Army unveiled its J-20 stealth fighter in 2011, it caused an uproar in U.S. defense circles because of its similarity to American equivalents and seemed to confirm the perception of China as reliant on copying the work of others. At stake are core democratic values that underpin free and open societies. However, the legal, illegal, and extralegal appropriation of foreign technologies and products is only one part of the story. These entities include Huawei, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the State Grid Corporation, which holds the number one spot. . That includes both techniques for pushing back against growing Chinese influence, but also possibly strategies for advancing the use of global order frameworks as devices for helping to manage the bilateral relationship. Our records indicate this scholar adhered to these policies regarding reimbursement and disclosure.) West attended Huaweis fourth annual European Innovation Day in Paris in 2016, where he shared his thoughts on how wireless technology is reshaping our lives, according to a Huawei press release. COVID is a classic current example. The verdict likely will need to be viewed on a case-by-case basis. Hopes were high when President Xi Jinping appointed Xie Zhenhua as Chinas special envoy for climate change. Ryan Hass, Emilie Kimball, and Bill Finan, Global China is contesting the US-led order, Rush Doshi, Lindsey W. Ford, and Ryan Hass, The global competition to govern digital trade, Global Chinas energy and climate policies, Jeffrey Ball, Lindsey W. Ford, and Samantha Gross, Lindsey W. Ford, Bruce Riedel, and Natan Sachs, Global Chinas ambitions in the Indian Ocean region, Lindsey W. Ford, Zach Vertin, and Joshua T. White, Technology competition between the US and a Global China, Lindsey W. Ford, Chris Meserole, and Tom Stefanick, 5G Deployment and Digital Competition with China, Margaret Taylor, Tom Wheeler, and Nicol Turner Lee, Global Chinas advanced technology ambitions, Lindsey W. Ford, Saif M. Khan, and Remco Zwetsloot, Global Chinas ambitions across East Asia, Lindsey W. Ford, Richard C. Bush, Jonathan Stromseth, and Lynn Kuok, Global Chinas plan for overseas military bases, Lindsey W. Ford, Mara Karlin, and Leah Dreyfuss, Deterring military conflict with a global China, Lindsey W. Ford, Michael E. OHanlon, and Caitlin Talmadge, Chinese domestic politics in the rise of global China. On April 27, The Hamilton Project and the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability will convene leaders and experts to examine the future of clean energy innovation and deployment. It will also explore whether the great powers can cooperate on common global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and nuclear non-proliferation. Can the U.S. and China work together to make progress on new uses of technology to fight these challenges. At that Huawei-sponsored event, West took Huaweis side. Beijing will want to visibly register its displeasure, lest its leaders be accused at home of tolerating Taiwans efforts to move further away from China. The slides feature the Brookings logo but a sentence in small font on the last slide includes a copyright, which Horne said was not in our version of the final slides, and so we are contacting Huawei and asking them to remove it, as it is not accurate. It reads: Copyright2017 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.. Chinese leadership appears to have recognized the potential constraints early on and has worked to adapt the Chinese system to combine the innovative aspects of capitalism with more rigid, traditional socialist features. It is modernizing its forces with a range of advanced technologies while preparing a nuclear weapons buildup that could make it a near-peer of the United States by the nuclear metric within a decade or so. All views expressed only represent the personal opinions of the author. Register now. What more can the United States do to limit vulnerabilities? "For this reason, I have been convening meetings between the . To some extent, they werent entirely wrong. Qi Ye was appointed director. How can democratic governments engage strategically in AI standards setting processes without turning them into a locus of geopolitical competition? This number includes at least seven CIs that are scheduled to close in 2021. In addition, K-12 schools continue to host about 500 Confucius Classrooms. The National Academies is holding a kickoff meetingon Friday for a study committee that will review the effectiveness of U.S. mechanisms for recruiting and retaining international and domestic scientists in comparison to ones operated by competing nations, particularly China and Russia. . Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks - New York Times Brookings is now launching Phase 2 of the Global China Project which builds upon the research and analysis of the first phase, and shifts toward prescription, focusing on advancing. Isaac Stone Fish: Why are U.S. companies working for a Chinese firm thats implicated in ethnic cleansing? The Brookings Doha Center, an arm of the think tank in Qatar's capital that focuses on Middle East issues, is funded largely by the Qatari government, which has pledged $21.6 million to . This has captured the imagination and heightened the concern of strategists and policy-makers in Asia and the United States, and to a lesser extent Europe. Although recent estimates suggest that China is still behind the United States in terms of quality of its universities, Chinas significant progress over the last two decades should not be discounted. Our goal is to help the public, the media, and policymakers make informed decisions about critical fiscal issues and support better policy outcomes. Beijing will want to visibly register its displeasure, lest its leaders be accused at home of tolerating Taiwan's efforts to move further away from China. How do President Xi Jinpings personal ambitions and the centralization of power in the Chinese Communist Party affect Chinas approach to foreign policy? For the United States, it is about protecting a crucial democratic friend, and perhaps also reducing the odds that China could gain a strategic asset. Brookings Institution - SourceWatch Brookings Institution | History, Research, & Influence | Britannica Aside from financial instability arising in the two big economies, there are various external shocks that buffet countries or regions. Every day, China is disproving this line of thinking. How does China view its strategic requirements in East Asia as it expands its global influence and footprint? In the financial realm, the United States and China are the key players who create a low-inflation environment for the global economy. As we watch the Chinese Communist Party celebrate its centennial anniversary in 2021, many observers have noted that China has moved away from traditional communism and more towards a system that fits its modern needsSocialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era, as designated by Xi Jinping himself. At fast-growing Brookings, donors may have an impact on research agenda It should also consider authorizing the Confucius Institute U.S. Center (CIUS) to serve as a visa sponsor to assist Chinese teachers and staff of CIs obtain the proper visas, as well as enable CIUS to serve as a clearinghouse for information on such PRC personnel for relevant U.S. government agencies. Government backing and incentives for research have enhanced Chinas innovation potential. In addition to analyzing the sources of their deepening partnership, the group will explore the areas of tension that remain in the relationship and ask whether there are ways for the United States to exploit those tensions. How does the Sino-Russia relationship enhance each countrys power globally and vis--vis the United States? These dynamics make the modern U.S.-China relationship unique in the international system. The success of the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy will hinge on the administrations ability to work with Asian counterparts. the European Union and African Union) that play major roles in the diplomacy of global order and organization. Mr. Xie held the same position in the lead-up to the 2015 Paris Agreement, and the joint announcement of the U.S. and Chinas Paris Agreement pledges at the end of 2014 was a key event to generate momentum for the Paris process and signal that the two largest emitters were taking it seriously. As a result of the COVID pandemic and recession, debt burdens that had seemed prudent in many cases are now unsustainable. How might a global China use economic sanctions? West didnt respond to multiple requests for comment. As tensions between the U.S. and China grew, federal policymakers frequently conflated CI-related academic freedom concerns with a broader set of issues including: Chinese efforts to steal technology, intellectual property and research data; disruptive activities by some campus-based Chinese student associations and Chinas consulates; Chinese talent recruitment plans; and other suspect influence efforts. In short, China has demonstrated its capacity to indigenously innovate, but this capacity has not yet proliferated across all key sectors. Assets and funding. In a 2014 report on CI partnerships, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) argued that allowing third-party control of academic matters compromises academic freedom and institutional autonomy. The Biden administration should lift, or provide necessary waivers of, federal funding restrictions on universities that demonstrate appropriate academic freedom and institutional safeguards around their CIs, which are no longer directly funded by the Chinese government. Government guidance funds (GGFs) are a perfect representation of this interconnectivity in action. China now touches virtually every region in the world how is Chinas increasing involvement impacting South Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and elsewhere? In other words, what must the United States achieve and avoid with China? Has Chinese aid benefited recipient countries? Formed at the behest of a central, provincial, or local government agency, GGFs have been known to either invest directly in companies or tangible projects, or invest indirectly through a funds-of-funds approach. These public-private investment funds aim to produce financial returns while furthering the Party-states industrial policy goals, many of which relate to emerging technologies and high-tech competition, according to a study by Ngor Luong, Zachary Arnold, and Ben Murphy. The Hamilton Project "We have to wake this country up to what China is doing," Sen. Mark Warner, Va.-D, said at the Brookings Institution last month. How should the United States purposefully adapt its approach to China to best protect its fundamental interests? It should disaggregate legitimate national security concerns, including Chinese espionage and technology theft, from academic freedom issues that are best left to our universities. But in terms of issues that could grow directly out of the U.S.-China relationship, and that both sides take seriously enough to make the prospect of high-end warfare credible, the Taiwan issue stands out. Implementation of the U.S.-China Joint Glasgow Declaration on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020s, issued at the Glasgow Conference of the Parties in November 2021, focuses on the degree to which the United States and China will cooperate on climate issues. The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center produces independent, timely, and accessible analyses of current and longer-term tax issues. The subsequent closure of CIs at two universities attracted congressional scrutiny and prompted a series of dueling reports. Can the U.S. and China manage their relationship in a way that allows for collaboration on climate and energy challenges? With respect to a frequently voiced concern that CI agreements often stipulate applicability of both U.S. and Chinese law, it reproduced a common provision also contained in the Hanban template CI agreement that Chinese personnel working at CIs must comply with U.S. law, while Chinese law would apply to Americans involved in China-based CI activities. How can the United States advance AI research and development to maintain and sharpen its edge in key areas, from chip design and fabrication to deep learning architectures to human-machine teaming? Despite a bipartisan congressional finding announced in February 2019 of no evidence that these institutes are a center for Chinese espionage efforts or any other illegal activity, the 2021 NDAA broadens the restriction to funding for any program at universities that host CIs. The Declaration is a good start, but is intentionally vague, generally restating the existing commitments and policies of the two countries. What are other worthy goals that merit policy focus, but that fall below must have priorities with respect to China? Chinas investments in smart cities have yielded a major windfall. RYAN HASS is Michael H. Armacost Chair in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. Meanwhile, Chinese students are required to learn English from elementary school and as a requirement to gain admission to, and in many cases graduate from, college, with an estimated 400 million Chineseincluding front-line military troopsnow learning English. In fact, the Chinese government has been pushing its tech industry to move beyond copycat methods. U.S. experts and policymakers cannot operate under the flawed and debunked assumption that China cannot innovate in these emerging technologies. If U.S. policymakers operate under the supposition that China will merely continue to copy American technologies, strategies, and processes, they will fundamentally misunderstand Chinas strategic intentions. (Brookings has Donor Guidelines that govern all fundraising and donor engagement activities, said Emily Horne, vice president of communications at Brookings.
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