Case Report: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Janssen MeSH Association between Early Treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37834, De Logu, F., Patacchini, R., Fontana, G., and Geppetti, P. (2016). Therefore, the excessive release and decreased hydrolysis of BK through activating BKB1 and BKB2 receptors result in extra vascular leakage and pulmonary edema (Figure 5 Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs) (Zwaveling et al., 2020). Front Pharmacol. COVID-19 can cause lung complications such as pneumonia and, in the most severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS . 4 (159), 159ra148. The general regulation approaches of AFC. 274, L203L211. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection JAMA 324 (5), 460470. Physiol. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. BK is generated by cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) from plasma-kallikrein and binds to the BKB2 receptor, and thus results vascular hemorrhage (Garvin et al., 2020). COVID Vaccine Side Effects | Johns Hopkins Medicine Alternative Names Lung congestion; Lung water; Pulmonary congestion; Heart failure - pulmonary edema Causes Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. doi:10.4268/cjcmm20152124, Wang, Q., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Wen, H.-X., Tao, Z., et al. This is supported by the studies of AQP-5 deficient mice where a fibrotic phenotype with increased deposition of extracellular collagen type I was observed in thickened alveolar walls (Gabazza et al., 2004). The secretion of alveolar fluid, caused by inhibiting Na+ entry, is sensitive to inhibition of CFTR, NKCC, or Na+-K+-ATPase (Solymosi et al., 2013), suggesting that CFTR, NKCC or Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitors may have potential in treating pulmonary edema caused by low expression of ENaC. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12431, Schlagenhauf, P., Grobusch, M. P., Maier, J. D., and Gautret, P. (2020). Biochim. Proc. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Pulmonary vessels and perfusion are frequently abnormal in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia and may point to a key role of pulmonary vascular pathology and hypoxemia in COVID-19. 2020 Aug 14;15(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s13000-020-01017-8. Chem. Therefore, the infection along with the rapid replication of SARS-CoV-2 causes a large amount of body fluid permeating through pulmonary alveoli, leading to ADRS. Currently, many clinical trials are in progress to test coronavirus treatment, including new drugs and drug repurposing or repositioning. J. Respir. Physiol. 16 (10), 17081717. doi:10.1161/01.cir.37.1.45, Cai, J., Li, H., Zhang, C., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Lei, F., et al. 155, 104743. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104743, Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., et al. 2, 26372646. (1999). Studies have confirmed that selective TRPV4 activation induces rapid loss of alveolo-capillary barrier function and consequent alveolar edema formation (Alvarez et al., 2006). Pharmacol. A pulmonary edema was the cause of the death of a woman who died short after a vaccine on Tuesday an autopsy has shown. KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). Some others will likely be approved soon (Kaur and Gupta, 2020; Thanh Le et al., 2020). (2020). B., van der Loos, C. M., et al. (2020a). doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.L631, Perkins, G. D., McAuley, D. F., Thickett, D. R., and Gao, F. (2006). The structure of coronavirus (Figure 1 A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins.) doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.2.l203, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1996). Kiener M, Roldan N, Machahua C, Sengupta A, Geiser T, Guenat OT, Funke-Chambour M, Hobi N, Kruithof-de Julio M. Front Med (Lausanne). Allergy Clin. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017, Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al. N. Engl. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00438.x, Bailey, A. L., Dmytrenko, O., Greenberg, L., Bredemeyer, A. L., Ma, P., Liu, J., et al. Physiol. (2004). Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. 313 (5), L845L858. This should ease some symptoms. Dis. In these patients, white blood cells count, neutrophil count and D-dimer level keep rising while lymphocyte count keeps decreasing as the disease progresses. Proteoglycan Involvement during Development of Lesional Pulmonary Edema. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). doi:10.1111/bph.12414, Kaur, S. P., and Gupta, V. (2020). TABLE 2. (1999). FIGURE 6. Med. In addition, HA is a part of a three-dimensional matrix in pulmonary interstitial, which consists of HA, PGs and fibrillar macromolecules providing resistance to tissue compression and interstitial fluid expansion (Negrini et al., 2008).When PGs and HA interact with collagen IV, a fibrillar macromolecule modulating capillary permeability in the vascular basement membrane, the compound substance limit fluid influx into the interstitium. Physiol. Diagnosing COVID-19: The Disease and Tools for Detection. Shapiro, S. D. (2001). Rhinovirus Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Channels in a Human Neuronal Cell Line: Implications for Respiratory Virus-Induced Cough Reflex Sensitivity. (2012). Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. Digestive System Is a Potential Route of COVID-19: an Analysis of Single-Cell Coexpression Pattern of Key Proteins in Viral Entry Process. Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). Electrolyte Imbalances in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 158 (6), 16211628. CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA medRxiv. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0557-1, de Maat, S., de Mast, Q., Danser, A. H. J., van de Veerdonk, F. L., and Maas, C. (2020). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00290.2014, Ji, G., Chen, R., and Zheng, J. Crit. Hyponatremia (low blood sodium concentration) as well as low concentrations of potassium and calcium in the blood serum are also associated with COVID-19 (Lippi et al., 2020). Bookshelf J. Med. Protein Chem. Sci. Eur. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00078.2015, Wsten-van Asperen, R. M., Lutter, R., Specht, P. A., Moll, G. N., van Woensel, J. Med. doi:10.1002/jcp.28602, Otulakowski, G., Rafii, B., Bremner, H. R., and O'Brodovich, H. (1999). Response of Thiazide-Induced Hypokalemia to Amiloride. includes glycoproteins, membranes and nucleic acids. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. (2020c). TABLE 1. RAS, especially several cleavage products of the peptide angiotensin (AGT) along with their receptors, maintains a balance of fluid volume and pressure. 99 (9), 988995. Thus, promoting the degradation of HA may be significant in the recovery process. Meanwhile, the number of patients in the treatment group presenting improved PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index was higher than that of the control group (95.2% vs. 68.4% and 73.7%). (2020). Am. Theaflavin from black tea was found to present a lower binding energy when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Diagn Pathol. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. Most of the published data about this association come from case reports and series. 308 (7), L628L638. Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00085.2001, Ito, Y., Correll, K., Zemans, R. L., Leslie, C. C., Murphy, R. C., and Mason, R. J. J. Endocrinol. J. Biol. Circulation 96 (6), 18471852. (2018). It is likely that alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) failure plays a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. (2020). Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Receptor 1 Is a Novel Target for Pro-tussive Agents. A., and Cook, D. I. Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. Furosemide, a NKCC inhibitor, has been acknowledged as first-line therapeutic drug for pulmonary edema all the time (Pickkers et al., 1997; Solymosi et al., 2013). Crit. Virus. CDC/FDA lift pause. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. Allergol. (2021). Supportive cares for COVID-19 include respiratory support and circulatory support. 157, 104820. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104820, Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, J. a., Liu, H., et al. Rev. Nat. Med. AQP-5 protein, present in the apical membranes of AT-I cell of alveolar epithelium, can regulate the transport of water molecules. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a global reach. (2006). A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins. Gut 69 (6), 10101018. Additionally, other major ADRs were potentially linked to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, including central nervous system thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism [3-5]. FIGURE 4. Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. As reported, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) in alveoli can reduce alveoli opening during hypoxia, detect O2 variation, and adjust ion transport and fluid clearance (Jovanovi et al., 2003). A., Auerbach, S. D., Husted, R. F., Volk, K. A., Ageloff, S., Knepper, M. A., et al. 39 (270), H2000H2007. (2016). Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). Repurposing Antimalarials and Other Drugs for COVID-19. Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). Pain at the injection site had completely resolved within 2 days. TGF--induced IL-6 prevents development of acute lung injury in influenza A virus-infected F508del CFTR-heterozygous mice. Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. Regulation of Alveolar Fluid Clearance and ENaC Expression in Lung by Exogenous Angiotensin II. Transl. Vaccines (Basel). TRPV1, expressed in C-fibers of the vagus nerves innervating airways (Cui et al., 2016), has been considered to play a key role in cough reflex and increased airway sensitivity caused by various diseases (Andr et al., 2009; Couto et al., 2013). Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | The Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in the Epub 2020 Jun 29. This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath. Besides those direct causes of COVID-19 pulmonary edema, there are other factors that can be described as abnormal humoral metabolism which can influence the AFC and PFC, resulting the manifestation of pulmonary edema (Figure 3 Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema). After internal reviews of the reports, the CDC "did not find any data suggesting a link between Covid-19 vaccines and tinnitus," an agency . Abnormal humoral metabolism is mainly manifested as imbalances of water and electrolytes. Pharmacol. What's the Link Between ARDS and COVID-19? - Health Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Infect. In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). Immunol. Amiloride. (2020). Immunol. A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). TRP Functions in the Broncho-Pulmonary System. Care Med. In addition, natural compounds and TCMs which generally have multiple targets should also be investigated, both in terms of their efficacy and safety. Xue-Bi-Jing injection is also widely applicated in treating COVID-19 patients and by adding it based on the routine anti-infective therapy, the 28-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia could be reduced by 8.8%, greatly improving pneumonia severity index (from 93.18 23.17 to 52.18 30.53) (Ma et al., 2020b). Physiol. We argue for expeditious clinical testing of this inhibitor in COVID-19 patients with respiratory malfunction and at risk for lung edema. In COVID-19, lung manifestations present as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and microvascular thrombosis. Am. Was this helpful? Among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, little attention has been paid to abnormal lung humoral metabolism. Invest. (2018). (1986). Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Serum sodium shows a decrease trend in CODIV-19 development (Krolicka et al., 2020). One day before symptom onset, he had received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. (2020). (2020b). Pulmonary edema - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). It is also highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, epithelial cells of renal proximal convoluted tubule, urothelial cells, esophagus, and ileum (Harmer et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2020), facilitating a quick invasion of the human body by SARS-COV-2 and causing complications. With the presence of active basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, inhibition of the entry of apical Na+ can generate a concentration gradient inducing the uptake of basolateral Na+ with Cl by Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) and thus induce the apical secretion of Cl (Solymosi et al., 2013). CT images of COVID-19 patients revealed fluid and clear liquid jelly in their lungs, both closely linked to HA (Xu et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. A health care provider monitors the oxygen level. PMC Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 The functional inhibition of relevant lung enzymes and ion channels may disturb AFC, thus resulting pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1847. . Physiol. Res. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Physiol. (2012). XC analyzed and reviewed the research articles as well as drafting the manuscript. Therefore, AQP-5 may be a promising drug target for treating abnormal humoral metabolism as well as lung injury caused by COVID-19. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels: a Clinical Perspective. Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. HM designed the framework of the review. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). Lung Cel Mol Physiol 282, L631L641. (2008). Am. Circ. The TRP Ion Channel Family. Mol. FEBS Lett. (2020). JAMA 323 (16), 15821589. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). Cel Metab. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. 12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. 11. The likelihood of hypertensive patients developing COVID-19, who were treated by ARBs, was reported to decrease by 76% (Yan et al., 2020). doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. N.Y. Acad. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult after COVID-19 - PubMed Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment A Review of Early and Emerging Options. 291 (6), L1207L1219. SSRN. Acta (Bba) - Biomembranes 1818 (7), 16821690. 1480 (1), 73103. (2014). N. Engl. Pharmacol. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Leads to Reduced Ratio of ACE/ACE2 Activities and Is Prevented by Angiotensin-(1-7) or an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist. 275(3), L631L635. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) can stabilize the permeability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell by regulating the expression of AQP-5 and MMP-9, and reduce alveolar fluid exudation (Shi et al., 2018). Moreover, it has been revealed that exosomes derived from human adipocyte can inhibit TRPV4-mediated calcium influx and thus protect mice against ventilator-induced lung injury (Yu et al., 2020). Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . Aquaporins in the Lung. Phytomedicine 85, 153242. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242, Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., et al. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Sharma, A., Garcia, G., Wang, Y., Plummer, J. T., Morizono, K., Arumugaswami, V., et al. J. Pharmacol. The clinical manifestations and CT scans show the presence of ARDS in critical COVID-19 patients (Ai et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020). It not only can induce de novo synthesis of ENaC and affect ENaC regulatory pathway, but also has an impact on cytokines. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001, Imai, Y., Kuba, K., and Penninger, J. M. (2007). Pathophysiology and incidence - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare syndrome that can occur in individuals who received certain adenoviral-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. SODIUM CHANNELS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS: Molecular Characterization, Biophysical Properties, and Physiological Significance. Rev. 50 (4), 113. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events doi:10.1073/pnas.1216382110, Staub, N. C. (1974). (2020b). Int. Acad. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. So far, only remdesivir was approved by FDA for the compassionate use in severe infected COVID-19 patients (Beigel et al., 2020). Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection J Med Virol. 80 (4), 394400. Perplexingly, among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, none is designed to directly protect the alveolo-capillary barrier. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. Exp. J. Med. 2020. Anti-hypertensive Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Associated to Mitigation of Disease Severity in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Authors Mabrouk Bahloul 1 . (Imai et al., 2007; Zhang and Baker, 2017). Acta (Bba) - Gen. Biochem. Wang C, Xie J, Zhao L, Fei X, Zhang H, Tan Y, Nie X, Zhou L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liang L, Chen X, Liu X, Wang P, Han X, Weng X, Chen Y, Yu T, Zhang X, Cai J, Chen R, Shi ZL, Bian XW. Proc. Pulmonary edema - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). Epub 2023 Mar 31. 61, 35. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.627, Matthay, M. A., Clerici, C., and Saumon, G. (2002). doi:10.1002/jmv.25761, Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., et al. 97 (18), 1028210287. Am. PDF Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) (2017). SN Compr. Pharmacol. J. Huazhong Univ. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. The combination of the two can lead to pneumonia and other serious respiratory illnesses. It has been revealed that COVID-19 patients treated with Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules for 14days resulted in a considerably higher recovery rate of 91.5%, a dramatically shorter median time to symptom recovery of 7days than the control group, which applied conventional treatment (Hu et al., 2021). Recombinant ACE2 was also reported to be a potential therapy in the clinical study of ARDS, which can lead to rapid decrease of plasma Ang II level and IL-6 expression. medRxiv. 313 (5), L859L872. Br. Regulation of ENaC and CFTR Expression with K+ Channel Modulators and Effect on Fluid Absorption across Alveolar Epithelial Cells. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894 Lianhuaqingwen Exerts Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Activity against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. (2013). Am. (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. (2020a). As in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, docosahexaenoic acid and its derivatives stimulate AFC through alveolar ENaC, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway (Wang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017). Res. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). Myocarditis, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, and Extensive Myositis with Res. Annu. Physiol. We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. (2020). (2013). Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. Potassium channels are usually involved in maintaining the reabsorption of Na+ and the steady state of electrochemical gradient, ions and body fluids in airway epithelial cells specifically. Crit. Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. 156, 104761. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104761, Sartori, C., Allemann, Y., Duplain, H., Lepori, M., Egli, M., Lipp, E., et al. (2020e). Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). Medicines 16 (11), 811828. Pharmacol. 1, 2 More recently, six cases of. Am. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00395.2015, Birrell, M. A., Belvisi, M. G., Grace, M., Sadofsky, L., Faruqi, S., Hele, D. J., et al. These channels are important in maintaining the optimum volume and ion constitution of bronchial periciliary fluid and alveolar lining fluid layers, which are necessary in appropriate pathogens mucociliary clearance and optimum gas exchange, respectively (Londino et al., 2017). In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds. Before doi:10.1002/jmv.25848, Cutts, S., Talboys, R., Paspula, C., Prempeh, E., Fanous, R., and Ail, D. (2017). EM did the language polishing. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis.Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ().It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling. Dis. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105/5811022, Minakata, Y., Suzuki, S., Grygorczyk, C., Dagenais, A., and Berthiaume, Y. The abnormal humoral metabolism in lungs and the resulting pulmonary edema have become the main life-threatening factors in COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). Am. Pathol. and transmitted securely. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.37040, Cui, M., Gosu, V., Basith, S., Hong, S., and Choi, S. (2016). The Origin, Transmission and Clinical Therapies on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak - an Update on the Status. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. Immune-modulatory agents, supportive cares, and antiviral drugs have been tested as COVID-19 treatments in patients with severe infections (Pascarella et al., 2020; Ren et al., 2020). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Am. J. Nat. Are The Two Newly Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines Safe and Effective? 2020 Mar 23:3558887. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887. COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. Lung Consolidation: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment - Verywell Health J. Intern. 10.1111/nyas.14472 The Potential Chemical Structure of antiSARSCoV2 RNAdependent RNA Polymerase. 46 (2), 208214. Rev. 160, 105073. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105073, Maronde, R. F., Milgrom, M., Vlachakis, N. D., and Chan, L. (1983).
Golden 1 Account Suffix,
Gundungurra Language Dictionary,
Jason Eubanks Charleston, Sc,
Mvla Soccer Club Fees,
Is Michael Oher Still Close To The Tuohy Family,
Articles P