[93] It called for the church to be organised according to presbyterian polity. The most important outcome of the Conference, however, was the decision to produce a new translation of the Bible, the 1611 King James Version. [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". 1559-60: 400 Catholic clergymen who served under Mary I resign. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? [36] When communicants received the bread, they would hear the words, "The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life [1549]. The main features of the settlement include: establishing a Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure and making Queen Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. Act of Supremacy (1559): This Act established Elizabeth I as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. From Hooker, Anglicanism "inherited its belief in the place of reason as an authority for action, its esteem for continuity over the Reformation divide, and a hospitality towards sacramental modes of thought". Will you pass the quiz? How successful was the Elizabethan religious settlement? Its leaders were arrested and the Classical Movement disintegrated. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Returning to Protestantism would align England with the Dutch, its main trading partner, but risked antagonising Spain, the most powerful nation in the world. [52] Through the mid-1650s, there were an estimated 800 clergy who resigned or were deprived for refusal to conform. The is essay will argue that in the period 15581564 the religious settlement was broadly success useful as it was slowly adhered to with little opposition up until 1564. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. The articles are based on the Forty-Two articles written by Thomas Cranmer in 1553 but could not be implemented because of Edward VI's death during the same year. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. Why Was The Elizabethan Settlement Important? - QNA Experts However, only 4% of all lower clergy . How far could one's views about faith go before the established church could no longer accept them? Taken together the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, supplemented by Royal Injunctions in July 1559, completed the settlement of religion upon which the Church of England is based. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 removed any religious authority in England from the Pope and gave it to himself, and his heirs. Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. Elizabethan Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provides ample support to this authors contention that the Elizabethan Church Settlement was not really a via media, the middle road, but one that was distinctly Protestant. After Queen Mary I died in 1558, Elizabeth I became queen. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. They sing the psalms in English, and at certain hours of the day they use organs and music. A French ambassador, writing in 1597 CE, confirms this view in his description of a typical English Church service: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! "[108] Laudianism, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. Meaning he could finally divorce Catherine! The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. . This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. Changes needed to be introduced with a minimum of confrontation in order to overcome fear and suspicion at home and abroad. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." How successful was the Elizabethan settlement within the - MyTutor Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. [40] These new royal injunctions were meant to fill in the details of the settlement and were to be enforced nationwide by six groups of clerical and lay commissioners. Hard-line Protestants and Catholics in England were both dissatisfied with Elizabeth's pragmatic stance as she went for a more middle-of-the-road approach which appealed to the largely indifferent majority of her subjects. Last modified June 02, 2020. Everything you need for your studies in one place. The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. Debating the Elizabethan religious settlement. Queen Elizabeth was in attendance for the opening speech which was delivered by Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Subsequently, two Catholics, John Felton and John Story, were executed for treason. So much flipping back and forth between Protestantism and Catholicism left the country deeply divided. Henry dissolved the English monasteries and seized their assets, causing widespread unrest. With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. Elizabeth I and The Spanish Armada Flashcards | Quizlet After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. The Settlement failed to end religious disputes. 6 Essay on Thirty Nine Articles of Religion. In the House of Lords, all the bishops voted against it, but they were joined by only one lay peer. Books In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 02 June 2020. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 set out the groundwork for the Elizabethan church. [5][6] The Mass, the central act of Catholic worship, was condemned as idolatry and replaced with a Protestant communion service, a reminder of Christ's crucifixion. Elizabethan Church Settlement: An Examination - Western Oregon University Regardless of how quickly Elizabethan reform spread throughout England, the legislation of the Elizabethan Settlement did stabilize the face of the Church of England. However, many Englishmen disagreed with its "middle ground" approach to religion to pacify Protestants and Catholics alike. His lineage was unstable, and his production of a male heir was necessary. Elizabeth accepted the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England upon her ascension in 1558. [40], Another historian, Diarmaid MacCulloch, also finds Neale's thesis flawed. of the users don't pass the Elizabethan Settlement quiz! The fine was one shilling, then about one day's labour for a skilled worker, but few were collected in practice. Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the Great Ejection. Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. Elizabethan Settlement: Definition & Summary | StudySmarter They established the practice of faith and religious procedures in England. Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving" [1552]. There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. Marks: 16 marks + 4 marks SPAG. She pledged not to interfere in issues of Church doctrine but only focus on administration. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. One of her first acts as queen sought to heal the religious division brought on by the past half-century by treading a middle ground between the two sides: a new united Church of England. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. it seems, apart from the absence of images, that there is little difference between their ceremonies and those of the Church of Rome. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". Thank you! [116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. The Pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of Supreme Head, it merely said she could adopt it herself. As for the manner of their service in church and their prayers, except that they say them in the English tongue, one can still recognise a great part of the Mass, which they have limited only in what concerns individual communion. Understand the context, creation and significance of the Armada Portrait in our concise guide. There was much debate among traditionalists and zealous reformers about how this new church should look. Elizabeth I inherited a kingdom bitterly divided over matters of religion. The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site [109] The English Civil War resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. Elizabeth's coronation gives a clue to her middle-of-the-road position when, in Westminster Abbey, the mass was permitted but the newly crowned queen left before the elevation of the host (when the communion bread, now transformed into the body of Jesus Christ, is held up by the priest). However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. There is none other like it in Europe. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - No Fear History In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the Directory for Public Worship. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. It remains a unique institution that treads between Catholicism and Protestantism known in other regions. Includes paragraphs on the establishment of her religious settlement at the beginning of her reign; the severe opposition (Catholic, Puritan and Presbyterian) faced by her religious settlement throughout her reign which impeded its successful establishment. Elizabethan Settlement - The National Archives [46], The Injunctions offered clarity on the matter of vestments. The Admonition Controversy was not a disagreement over soteriologyboth Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth. Her brief reign sought to return England's church to Catholicism and reconcile with the Pope. The outbreak of Protestant radicalism during the English Civil War challenged ideas of inclusion and tolerance within the church. Related Content [Show more] Fig. [21], When the Queen's first Parliament opened in January 1559, its chief goal was the difficult task of reaching a religious settlement. [43], Elizabeth chose Matthew Parker to replace Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. Her government's goal was to resurrect the Edwardian reforms, reinstating the Royal Injunctions of 1547, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer, and the Forty-two Articles of Religion of 1553. This pressure meant that the Act was passed by Parliament but only by the slightest of majorities. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. Under the bill, only opinions contrary to Scripture, the General Councils of the early church, and any future Parliament could be treated as heresy by the Crown's ecclesiastical commissioners. Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. Many did so out of sympathy with traditional Catholic religion, while others waited to see if this religious settlement was permanent before taking expensive action. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. [96], In 1577, Whitgift was made Bishop of Worcester and six years later Archbishop of Canterbury. [103][104] James, however, did the opposite, forcing the Scottish Church to accept bishops and the Five Articles of Perth, all attempts to make it as similar as possible to the English Church. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. [87] Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error". [77], In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. The Archbishop of Canterbury remained at the top, the Archbishop of York was number two, and the monarch appointed the bishops and archbishops. As spokesman for the government, Bacon delivered its mission statement, to unite the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion'. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. [82] Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. What historian argued that the Elizabethan reforms were slow to take hold in some regions of England? Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? Somerset was a Calvinist, and the young king grew up with a host of Protestant tutors. Fig. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, and Parliament conferred on Elizabeth the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. [74] Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. Some lost faith in the Church of England as an agent of reform, becoming separatists and establishing underground congregations. The next sovereign was Catholic Mary I of England (r. 1553-1558 CE), and she reversed the Reformation. Like the Puritans, Andrewes engaged in his own brand of nonconformity. [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. [10], Mary I, Elizabeth's half-sister, became queen in 1553. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". EV-Elizabeth had followed her own conscience in establishing a Protestant church of England but she has made a compromise with Catholics as she needed the support of Catholic political classes to help her run the country. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. 5 Etching of Elizabeth I in Parliament. Twenty bishops (all Roman Catholics)[22] sat in the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual, and the Lords in general were opposed to change. Elizabethan Religious Settlement | History | tutor2u Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. [40] There were also conflicting directions for the placement of the communion tables that were to replace stone altars. The revised Act of Supremacy still abolished papal supremacy, but defined Elizabeth as Supreme Governor, rather than Supreme Head, of the church. Most of their replacements were not consecrated until December 1559 or early 1560. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. World History Encyclopedia. Anyone suspected of not recognising Elizabeth as head of the Church would now find themselves before a new court, the Court of High Commission. [39] This theory has been challenged by Christopher Haigh, who argues that Elizabeth wanted radical reform but was pushed in a conservative direction by the House of Lords. Problems in Establishing the Religious Settlement (GCSE - tutor2u The Church of England was then moved even closer towards full Protestantism under Henry's successor, his son Edward VI of England (r. 1547-1553 CE). Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits. "[114] Historian Judith Maltby writes that Anglicanism as a recognisable tradition "owes more to the Restoration than the Reformation". The choice of state religion would have political consequences, whatever the decision. Henry was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church after his secret marriage to Anne. Elizabethan Religious Settlement Religion became a very divisive factor in people's lives in England when Protestant ideas challenged the dominance of the Catholic Church of Rome. The Religious Settlement - Religion in the Elizabethan age - WJEC While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? However, those who refused to comply were persecuted. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. They were not going to waste time on abstract theological debates, but rather get down to the business at hand of finding concrete solutions to the problems of the day. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. [45], According to the injunctions, church images that were superstitiously abused were condemned as idolatry, but the commissioners mandated the destruction of all pictures and images. How far do you agree? The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led . In 1564 there were shall engines to it from radical protestants and in 1 568 conservative Catholics also reacted against it.However despite such challenges, which were from a . It did not help that the church's Supreme Head was easily influenced, highly paranoid, and dangerously erratic. His rise to power has been identified with a "conservative reaction" against Puritanism. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at Rogationtide and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two justices of the peace. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. and more. By Elizabeth's death, Roman Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households. [47] Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. 'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was successfully established in the years 1558-1603. . The settlement itself was written out in two Acts of Parliament, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity 1559. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. [15] It was obvious to most that these were temporary measures. [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. Instead, she approached religion with a more pragmatic air. Clergy were to wear the surplice (rather than cope or chasuble) for services. Queen Elizabeth I inherited a nation suffering from religious flux, but went on to build a stable, peaceful nation. The next step followed quick on the heels of the first and was the May 1559 CE Act of Uniformity. Only one Catholic bishop took the oath to Elizabeth - all the rest refused and lost their office. It seemed that out of sight was out of mind, and this principle would apply to practising Christians of both sides in the debate. It was intended to resolve the dispute between Catholics and Protestants. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). Then the student should consider the . The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. Seven bishops, including Cardinal Pole, Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. When Henry died in 1547, the Protestants gained the upper hand. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. 'Elizabeth's religious settlement was a successful compromise - Quizlet The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. Elizabeth had to also concede to the radical Protestants and so she introduced a new Book of Common Prayer in 1559 CE which was not quite as radical as Thomas Cranmer's 1552 CE version but more so than the more moderate 1549 CE version. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the Second Commandment. Quentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by Judith Maltby) were becoming a majority. [34] Edward's second regnal year ran from 28 January 1548 to 27 January 1549. Elizabeth herself was happy enough to have such quintessential Catholic elements as candles and a crucifix in her own private chapel. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished Anthony Kitchin of Llandaff and the absentee Thomas Stanley of Sodor and Man) lost their posts. Declaration on the proceedings of a Conference at Westminster, March 1559 (SP12/3/52, f.163r-164v) These are extracts from a report on the conference on religion, held during the Easter recess of Queen Elizabeth's first Parliament. As a Protestant, Elizabeth had to tread carefully between both faiths to maintain unity. The reforms may have been mild but they were enough for the Pope to eventually excommunicate the queen for heresy in February 1570 CE. Those who chose not to adhere to the Church of England's rules were persecuted. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. What year were the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed? Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? What was Queen Elizabeth I's mission statement, as outlined by spokesman Sir Nicholas Bacon? [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Reactions to the Religious Settlement in Wales and England Its purpose was to give the common people access to liturgies and prayers. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 Mary, Queen of Scots was the queen of both Scotland (r. 1542-1567 Mary I of England reigned as queen from 1553 to 1558 CE.
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