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The use of diverse nanomaterials with desired properties and recent progress in the drug delivery arena have revealed outstanding challenges in cancer therapy and management. OVA formulated with iron oxide nanoparticles significantly promoted the activation of immune cells and cytokine production, inducing potent humoral and cellular immune responses. It is accompanied by a brief description of new nanotechnology methods for diagnosis. Stimuli responsive dendrimers enhance therapeutic efficiency and diminish the side effects. 133(44), 1756017563 (2011), Y.Y. Over the past 20years, commendable progress has been made in biomedical applications of liposomes improving the therapeutic index of the encapsulated drugs. J. Nanomed. Messersmith, D.J. Environ. 527, 141150 (2018), L. Pascual et al., MUC1 aptamer-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery and radio-imaging applications. The results demonstrated that these iron oxide nanoparticles are effectively internalized by human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 9.6 million deaths in 2018 [].The global efforts in cancer prevention, early diagnosis, screening and treatment, have been challenged by the complexity and variability of tumors (reviewed in []).The genomic instability of tumor cells and a pro-inflammatory . Nano Res. 13, 24052426 (2018), B. Xiao et al., Co-delivery of camptothecin and curcumin by cationic polymeric nanoparticles for synergistic colon cancer combination chemotherapy. 359(17), 1834 (2008), X. Li et al., Enhancement of cell recognition in vitro by dual-ligand cancer targeting gold nanoparticles. 2023 Mar 30;45(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s40902-023-00383-9. The study also demonstrated the detection of residual tumors following intraperitoneal therapy signifying the possibility of image-guided surgery to remove drug-resistant tumors [159]. eCollection 2022 Jun 15. Slowing, B.G. Bioconjug. Furthermore, poor pharmacokinetic characteristics of anticancer drugs arising from poor solubility, stability, and metabolism pose different challenges of toxicity, inefficacy and limited bio-distribution. Further, we also summarize the current perspective, advantages, and challenges in clinical translation. 6(4), 10921099 (2009), D. Wang et al., Multi-layered tumor-targeting photothermal-doxorubicin releasing nanotubes eradicate tumors in vivo with negligible systemic toxicity. Another challenge in drug delivery is the safety for human health, as issues may be associated with nanomaterial, and may not have immediate impact or may not be noticeable quickly. In spite of widespread research and the preclinical development of liposomal formulations from several decades, only a few liposomal drug formulations have been approved by the FDA for clinical use [246]. This major setback has led to the development of ligand-directed liposomes for active targeting and treatment of different types of cancer. Preprints 2021, 2021100407. PLoS ONE 12(8), e0181944e0181944 (2017), R.M. The tariquidar and doxorubicin-loaded pH sensitive liposome formulation exhibited outstanding tumour inhibition against the tested cells by increasing the accumulation of doxorubicin in cells, allowing them to enter specifically into the nuclei [241]. Disadvantages Nanotechnology offers many potential advantages, however, there are also potential disadvantages of nanotechnology, including: Health risks: There is some concern that exposure to nanoparticles could be harmful to human health, as they can easily penetrate cells and tissues. 2023 Mar 25;11(4):733. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040733. A wide range of materials have been used to develop nanocarriers. Daima, Nanomedicine in sensing, delivery, imaging and tissue engineering: advances, opportunities and challenges. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Neyman N, Altekruse SF, Cronin KA, Howlander N, Aminou R. Waldron. Control. Acad. A novel drug delivery system based on carbon nanospheres for delivery of cancer therapeutics has been evaluated for internalization, and possible mechanism of endocytosis and biodistribution in mice [206]. 58, 349364 (2017), Y. Peng et al., Codelivery of temozolomide and siRNA with polymeric nanocarrier for effective glioma treatment. Despite efforts to mitigate risk factors in recent decades, the prevalence of cancer is continuing to increase [1]. 66(13), 67326740 (2006), H. Zhou et al., IGF1 receptor targeted theranostic nanoparticles for targeted and image-guided therapy of pancreatic cancer. Further, HKD appreciates the Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC) in the School of Sciences, RMIT University, Australia for an Honorary Visiting Research Fellowship. J. Biomaterials 32(31), 80108020 (2011), S. Mignani et al., Dendrimers in combination with natural products and analogues as anti-cancer agents. Chem. Pept. Natl. The noble metal nanostructures, particularly Au nanoparticles, are widely used for delivering drugs [140,141,142]. ACS Appl. Often in the breast cancer cells, Mucin 1 (MUC1), a cell surface protein, will be overexpressed. Chem. Mishra S, Bhatt T, Kumar H, Jain R, Shilpi S, Jain V. Front Pharmacol. Med. 105, 228241 (2016), O. Akhavan et al., The use of a glucose-reduced graphene oxide suspension for photothermal cancer therapy. Zhu et al., Surface properties dictate uptake, distribution, excretion, and toxicity of nanoparticles in fish. Int. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. Control. Rev. Sci. 33(10), 23732387 (2016), J.-H. Park et al., Hyaluronic acid derivative-coated nanohybrid liposomes for cancer imaging and drug delivery. Solidum JGN, Ceriales JA, Ong EP, Ornos EDB, Relador RJL, Quebral EPB, Lapea JFF Jr, Tantengco OAG, Lee KY. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. A Transmission electron micrographs of Au nanoparticles displaying 13nm spheres, 50nm spheres and 40nm stars; B cellular uptake kinetics of Au nanoparticles-siRNA constructs by cells showing size and shape dependent uptake; C transmission electron images illustrating the process of cellular uptake after treatment with 0.5nM of Au nanoparticles-siRNA constructs for 24h. The vesicle membranes disrupted by the treatment with 50nm spheres is signified by orange arrows, and the nanoconstructs distributed outside the vesicles is represented by yellow arrows. Mater. Trewyn, V.S.Y. Mol. Nat. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanotechnology - A Plus Topper 186, 122134 (2018), L. Qiu et al., Silver nanoparticles covered with pH-sensitive camptothecin-loaded polymer prodrugs: switchable fluorescence off or on and drug delivery dynamics in living cells. In vivo studies of MUC1 aptamer-capped mesoporous silica nanomaterials on MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice were found to effectively target breast cancer cells and induce a dramatic reduction in cell viability [223]. 12(4), 11931202 (2015), S. Zhai et al., Visible light-induced crosslinking and physiological stabilization of diselenide-rich nanoparticles for redox-responsive drug release and combination chemotherapy. 2010;10(1):428-55. doi: 10.3390/s100100428. The extracellular microenvironment of tumor tissues is acidic, due to secreted lactic acid caused by glycolysis in anorexia. Son, B.-J. Nat. Adv. Nanoparticles not only solve the limitations of conventional cancer treatment but also overcome multidrug resistance. Photobiol. government site. Nanomed. Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy - A Mini However, the detection of cancer in the early stage has been hindered by the intrinsic limits of conventional cancer diagnostic methods. Patil et al., Single-step surface functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Am. 9(3), 10801084 (2009), C. He et al., Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Eur. J. Nanosci. Ohno et al., Systemically injected exosomes targeted to EGFR deliver antitumor microRNA to breast cancer cells. eCollection 2023. Likewise, doxorubicin-loaded modified PEGylated liposomes were developed for targeted delivery of drug to hepatocellular carcinoma. Shaik, A.S. Shaik, Magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes as efficient drug delivery nanocarriers in breast cancer murine model: noninvasive monitoring using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive imaging biomarker. Since the fate of nanoparticles may be altered due to the surface conjugation of ligands, the nanomaterials further need to be carefully investigated, following their surface decoration to reduce unwanted toxicity effects, and to evaluate their increased specificity and sensitivity post-modification. Nat. Insightful results have been obtained in the recent past, when cationic liposomes were developed to target the tumors that accumulated in tumor tissues [114, 115]. Fa, folate; PCL, poly(-caprolactone); PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); PEI, poly(ethylenimine); TMZ, temozolomide. Various ligands such as antibodies, proteins, peptides, aptamers and small molecules have been used to target specific cells [268]. Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against. The active targeting was achieved using cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, since epidermal growth factor receptor is highly expressed on the tumor surface of colorectal cancer cells. Drug packaging efficacy depends on encapsulation or drug conjugation efficiency. This heterogeneity adds another layer of complexity to passive targeting. 2(12), 751 (2007), D.B. Most types of radiation used for cancer treatment utilize X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles. The most common route of administration of nanomaterial-based anticancer drugs is intravenous injection. Daima, Rational engineering of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials for biomedical applications with nanotoxicological perspectives. Soc. Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Current Progress and Challenges Ed. 29, 153162 (2018), X. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Specificity is defined as how effective the interaction is between the ligand-conjugated nanoparticles with their target molecules weighted against off-target effects incurred before reaching the target molecules. Sci. Sci. Biomaterials 34(9), 22522264 (2013), L. Xing et al., Coordination polymer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for pH-responsive drug release. Tools of Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy. Later, we elaborate upon the design and fabrication of nanomaterials, along with different types of nanomaterials used in cancer therapeutics including liposomes, dendrimers, inorganic nanomaterials and polymeric nanomaterials. However, in some tumor cases the size of nanoparticles should be tuned according to the vasculature lining gap size [59]. Linear type of FC131 (LFC131) ligand conjugated, doxorubicin encapsulated polyamide amine dendrimer was developed using polyamide amine dendrimer generation 4.0 (D4). 111, 11061115 (2018), L. Ansari et al., Improved anticancer efficacy of epirubicin by magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo studies. 8b. Biomaterials 31(3), 438448 (2010), E.C. In addition to the size of the nanomaterials, the shape of the nanomaterials is equally important in drug delivery. Daima, Contemporary developments in nanobiotechnology: applications, toxicity, sustainability and future perspective, in Nanobiotechnology: human health and the environment, ed. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded mesoporous silica nanomaterials toward cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptor was enhanced with IC50 of 0.56g/mL whereas; the normal cells showed lower cytotoxicity with the IC50of 1.03g/mL [225]. 8a for delivering temozolomide and siRNA to overcome the drawbacks of acquired resistance of glioma cells and restriction of bloodbrain-barrier (BBB) for drug delivery. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Graphical illustration of passive and active drug targeting strategies. The in vivo antitumor studies suggested that the tumor volume drastically reduced in mice in the presence of magnetic nanocarrier, magnet and laser. For example, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, responsible for epithelial tissue development and homeostasis) is overexpressed in cancerous cells relative to normal cells, as cancer cells grow and divide vigorously [50]. PMC 9(1), 1410 (2018), J. Shi et al., Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities. Toy R, Bauer L, Hoimes C, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. Proc. Drug Deliv. Eng. Conventional treatment strategies for lung cancer lack specificity and are limited by undesirable toxicities in normal cells, as well as a high rate of recurrence. Adv. Bogart et al., Nanoparticles for imaging, sensing, and therapeutic intervention (ACS Publications, Washington DC, 2014), Book Advances and Implications in Nanotechnology for Lung Cancer - PubMed However, further advancements in nanomedicine will provide breakthroughs that represent a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer, and can significantly contribute to an improved patient outcome. J. Natl. Nano Lett. Chem. Recently, PLGA [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)] based nanomaterials have been developed, demonstrating that suitable surface coating of the nanomaterials provides extended circulation time. 7, 235242 (2012), CAS B Biointerfaces 75(1), 118 (2010), F. Masood, Polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that nanomaterials for therapeutic applications need to be engineered carefully with respect to their size and shape, because both of them have noteworthy impact on the uptake process of cells, and can potentially induce cellular responses.
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