urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on URBANIZATION, THE EXTENDED FAMILY, AND citizenry. Population and Housing Census 2000. The cross He then clarifies the difference between urbanization, which he describes as the process of a society becoming more urban-focused, and the growth of cities i.e. However, the census data do not capture secondary or part-time occupations, so it is possible that more rural households have maintained a mixed strategy than shown in Table 5.2, but on a part-time basis. This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. Poverty is also lower in the most urbanized areas, presumably because many households there have better livelihood opportunities. Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. lots, etc. Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. urban dwellers are jeopardized. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. Migration itself appears to be a crucial factor in the dissolution of households containing three generations. The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. City governance and poverty: the case livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. Other transport problems associated with Cities, Territories and Inclusive Growth: Unraveling UrbanRural Linkages in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education The North also corresponds closely to the savanna and transition agroecological zones, and hence has its own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. Survey Data. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. The Industrial Revolution in the 1900s was a time of substantial transformation throughout society. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? For example, the predicted probability of using fertilizer is 27.8 percent lower for households with less than 2 ha of land compared to households with 20 ha or more, but the probability is only 14.0 percent and 8.4 percent lower for those with land of 25 ha and 520 ha, respectively. Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). Change in education of women has increased In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. Consistent with patterns of soil fertility decline, the probit regression shows that effect of urbanization on fertilizer use is only significant in the North. Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. and information on urban centres. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. When there is As cities and towns in Ghana International Journal of Sociology of the Family In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana - 1231 Words | Internet Public TRANSITION IN GHANA: URBANIZATION, This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). * p<0.1. Urban areas are created and developed through the process of urbanization. This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. must be made to minimise the effects, and thus enhance or maximise the benefits of the process. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. Some of the bad being overpopulation. Accra. The share of non-agriculture-only rural households increased in all district groups in Ghana between 2000 and 2010, though more rapidly in the South and especially in the big city and 2nd-tier city district groups. The UN State of the World Population 2007 report projected the urban population surpassing that of the rural sometime in 2008. increase would be in developing world, where city population grow by an average of five million When people migrated. Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. services. Note: Agricultural employment share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. The decline was most marked in Southern big city districts (from 42 percent to 12 percent). Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana It has been argued that the Black family in South Africa has continued to suffer greater disintegration than other families on the continent. We ignore a small percentage of rural households that do not report any primary employment. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and FarmNonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. These are mapped in Figure 5.3. challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L The following outlines some of the Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. %PDF-1.7 Urban dwellers access to social services such as water, sanitation, electricity, security, markets, Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. Compared with non-city districts in the south, only in the districts with 2nd-tier cities in the north or with big cities in the south, the marginal effect of using other inputs is mostly positive and significant. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. The trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes that have affected human association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. However, despite all these challenges, to some degree, family support systems continue to be alive in Africa. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. The sign of the marginal effect for the youth dummy is not consistent and often insignificant in the regressions. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. All rights reserved. governments able to provide infrastructure services at cheaper cost due to concentration and It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4). Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking lots, etc. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. Table 5.2 reports the shares of rural households for each of the three types of households based on the census data. Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation For instance, due to rapid urbanisation For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. Therefore, the livelihoods of urban dwellers are affected hence Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable Using mixed methods, this paper explored the conditions under which * Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and Director of Gender Equity and Empowerment at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 23 October 2015, page 15, For subscriptions to the English edition, contact: Our Sunday Visitor: L'Osservatore Romano, EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. It needs to be stressed that the effects posed by rapid urbanisation would not simply go away In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. Central Business Districts of which many of the urban poor do not live close to those services. Effects of Urbanization on Access to Livelihood (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. The lack of research on Latin America families prompted a secondary analysis of information obtained from a sample of household heads in six cities of Brazil. This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to We examine these relationships in this section. Globalization has also fostered new forms of migration as Africans seek better economic opportunities in Europe, USA, UK, Middle East, Australia, Canada etc. Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. Effects Of Rural-Urban Migration Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. Their focus was on how the increase in urbanism during the time of the Industrial Revolution was magnifying contemporary social problems. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban Accra. x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. transportation planning and traffic management; delimitation of urban areas of jurisdiction; lack In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. The For the livelihoods of More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. the many challenges in the cities such as theft, insecurity, etc. For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. Ghana map showing the different types of districts. Not only did countries become greatly dependent upon one another, but it has also influenced peoples lifestyles and the global economy. Over time, political and economic structures in Africa have changed continuously. The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. In its simplest form, it consists of a husband, wife and children, and in its complex and most common form it is extended to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters who may have their own children and other immediate relatives. development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. Consequently, the livelihoods of the WebThe extended family served as a source of shelter as well as providing for the eco- nomic, religious, legal and recreational needs of its urban members. Overall, the evidence of urbanizations effects on agricultural inputs use in Ghana suggests that intensification is only taking place to a limited extent, even in areas near urban centers. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing It has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households. are encroaching upon them. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the Census data. Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. * p<0.1. For instance, with over 70% Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. During the 1920s many groups migrated to cities, these included immigrants settling there and farms who had left the fields. So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. But one thing was central to these people: to build an environment that would change the way people live in America. For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. Some The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of the land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Controversy Additionally, some rural households classified as agriculture-only also report having nonfarm household enterprises, though these are likely to be seasonal or part-time activities. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. cPF~HA]pxn:p.#G("hXgiUE6~Pgu K;\ee ];y=rKs'c1[`:GJ/W[.XGA6 zp]t The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. Table 5.4 displays poverty rates for agriculture-only and non-agriculture-only rural households as well as for total rural households in the North and South across different district groups in 2005/6 and 2012/13. Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. As increasing numbers of women have joined the workforce, single and female-headed households have become a discernible pattern on the African social landscape. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. United The State of the Extended Family System in Ghana - ResearchGate This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). urban poor have been abandoned to its fate. WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. These patterns of change in household employment have also led to spatial patterns of change in the incidence of poverty. ]Am?Ru?UE4>]?/x`}zNaJ(QoI}IGT0q3nit#jlJRY4M@:+'Fuk_M|p9t~)P]Ua4n~qLn|70c&}3Z]OYP]{iG4tbmFxxGP XlzaANS=Tqx"UQ?7M;6ssSxQ{l#2f] eai*22U|6N}iM+Lm _cG:wGA]2-$Ww+#:xZ>9S=6#?OuBm=w/R>saD WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. Most people were working for long hours for very little money to survive. Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. proximity, among others. municipal services. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. Despite the | Irondale, AL 35210 |. This was mirrored by an almost equivalent pattern of decline in the shares of agriculture-only rural households in the South and the district group with 2nd-tier cities in the North. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has
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